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32 Cards in this Set

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Q: Water molecules have what kind of structure?
A: Dipolar
Q: What does the structure of water molecules tend to do for them?
A: Water molecules bond to each other via hydrogen bonding
H: Has to do with a type of bonding...
Q: With Hydrogen Bonding, does water molecules’ melting temperature get higher, lower, or stay the same as w/o?
A: Higher. To 0 degrees C.

Q: With Hydrogen Bonding, does water molecules’ boiling temperature get higher, lower, or stay the same as w/o?
A: Higher. To 100 degrees C.
Q: With Hydrogen Bonding, does water molecules’ heat capacity get higher, lower, or stay the same as w/o?
A: Higher.
Q: Which is denser, water or ice?
A: Water. Thus, frozen water (ice) floats on liquid water (water).
H: Fish live under the “frozen” pond during the winter @ similar temperatures to in the spring. How?
Q: Describe the relationship between temperature, salinity, and density of seawater.
A: Temp goes UP, Salinity goes DOWN, and Density goes DOWN
Q: Salinity is measured by: ?
A: Any dissolved material
Q: Seawater has about what percentage of salinity in it?
A: 3.47%, or 34.7‰ (parts per thousand)
Q: Formula for Salinity (‰)
A: 1.80555 x Chlorinity (‰)
Q: What is the major ion in seawater that makes up 55.07% of it?
A: Chloride (Cl-)
H: Most abundant of them all
Q: What is the major ion in seawater that makes up 30.62% of it?
A: Sodium (Na+)
H: 2nd most abundant of them all
Q: What is the major ion in seawater that makes up 7.72% of it?
A: Sulfate (SO42-)
H: 3rd most abundant of them all
Q: What is the major ion in seawater that makes up 3.68% of it?
A: Magnesium (Mg2+)
H: 4th most abundant of them all
Q: What is the major ion in seawater that makes up 1.17% of it?
A: Calcium (Ca2+)
H: 5th most abundant of them all
Q: What is the major ion in seawater that makes up 1.10% of it?
A: Potassium (K+)
H: Least abundant of them all
Q: Which of the two ways to calculate salinity is faster?
A: Use a conductivity meter. The more dissolved ions in a solution, the more electrically conductive it is!
H: Either a tool or a formula
Q: Why is the formula for calculating salinity inefficient?
A: Determining chlorinity of a sample is too time-consuming.
H: Think about what you need to make it work.
Q: What does the Principle of Constant Proportions say?
A: The proportions of ions in a solution DO NOT vary significantly from place to place.
H: Application of this principle lets us estimate salinity by measuring the abundance of ONE ion for the whole bunch of dissolved salts
Q: What are 3 primary sources of salts in seawater?
A: Rivers, volcanic gases, hydrothermal vents
Q: What the two primary sinks?
A: 1 – Incorporated into deep-sea sediments by sedimentation (deposition/accumulation of sediment :p)
2 – Circulated into ocean ridges. May end up leaving through hydrothermal vents.
H: Sink = process that removes salts
Q: Where is 90% of the total CO2 in oceans stored?
A: Bicarbonate ions
Q: Formula for calculating pH:
A: -log10[H+]
Q: Average pH range of oceans?
A: 7.5 to 8.4
Q: pH of the ocean is “buffered” by what system?
A: The Carbonate Buffer System; by bicarbonate ions
Q: If the pH of the ocean gets too high (seawater is too basic)…
A: Carbonic acid separates into bicarbonate & hydrogen ions, making it more acidic.
H: H2CO2 -> H+ + HCO3-
Q: If the pH of the ocean gets too low (seawater is too acidic)…
A: Bicarbonate combines with hydrogen ions to make carbonic acid, CO2, and water.
H: H+ + HCO3- -> H2CO2 + Water + CO2
Q: In general, the higher the carbon dioxide content in seawater…
A: The more acidic it is.
Q: Higher salinity means what in terms of water’s boiling & freezing point?
A: Boiling point goes UP, freezing point goes DOWN
Q: What are 2 primary methods of removing pure water to increase salinity?
A: Evaporation & formation of ice
Q: What are 2 primary methods of adding pure water to decrease salinity?
A: Precipitation & melting of ice
Q: How do organic coral reefs made of CaCO3 grow in warm water regions of the sea when CO2 and CaCO3 are highly soluble in cold water?
A: Colder water can STORE more energy, but at warmer temperatures, the water will actually RELEASE its energy and thus, more calcite can by formed from the released carbon dioxide and coral reefs grow easier.