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33 Cards in this Set

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Isostasy
Equal Equilibrium
Theory of Isostasy states?
Blocks of rigid lithosphere are "floating" in isostatic equilibrium on the asthenosphere.
Has to do with why the solid lithosphere does not sink completely into asthenosphere
Basic Chemical Composition of the Earth (from less dense to more dense)
1 - Crust
2 - Mantle
3 - Outer Core
4 - Inner Core
2 subdivisions of the Crust, including identity of the type of rock that it is composed of, its thickness, and its density:
a) Continental, Granite, 30-70km, 2.8 g/cm^3

b) Oceanic, Basalt, 5-8km, 3.0 g/cm^3
Density of the Mantle
Density: 3.3 g/cm^3
Lower Limit Density of the Core
10 g/cm^3
Basic Physical Properties of the Earth (from less dense to more dense)
1 - Lithosphere
2 - Asthenosphere
3- Mesosphere
4 - Outer Core
5 - Inner Core
Physical Make-up of Lithosphere (Location-wise and rigid/plastic) & Thickness
Cool, Rigid (Crust & Upper Mantle)

100 km from surface
Physical Make-up of Asthenosphere (Location-wise and rigid/plastic) & Thickness
Plastic (Remaining Lower Part of Upper Mantle)

700 km from surface
Physical Make-up of Mesosphere (Location-wise and rigid/plastic) & Thickness
Rigid (Rest of Mantle)

2900 km from surface
Physical Make-up of Outer Core (Location-wise and rigid/plastic) & Thickness
Liquid

5155 km from surface
Physical Make-up of Inner Core (Location-wise and rigid/plastic) & Thickness
Rigid

6371 km from surface
Planetary Radius
Earth's surface made of 2 things:
1 - Ocean basins
2 - Continents
Land above water & land underwater
What is the submerged continental mass located (depth-wise) between the shore of a continent and the ocean floor?
Continental Margin
What is a continental margin generally made of?
Continental Shelf
Shelf Break
Continental Slope
Continental Rise
4 different zones
Why do mountain ranges on land stand high?
Very thick and because made of continental crust, has low density
Think about density
Why do mountain ranges on the ocean floor stand high?
Lithosphere is hot and thus, has lower density that the lithosphere of deeper ocean basins
Think about density
What is the Continental Shelf?
Gently sloped (0.1 degrees) & extends from shore to continental shelf
First part of a continental margin (with respect to the continent)
Where is the Shelf Break?
About 140 m depth
Second part of a continental margin (with respect to the continent)
What is the Continental Slope?
Steeply sloped (4 degrees) seaward (down towards the sea)
Third part of a continental margin (with respect to the continent)
What is the Continental Rise?
Gently sloped (0.2 degrees) & extends from base of continental slope to the ocean floor. Sediment collects here.
Final part of a continental margin (with respect to the continent)
Passive Margins are also known as: ?
Atlantic-style margins
Where are they mostly found?
Passive Margins:
- Plate Boundary?
- Tectonic Activity?
- Example of one?
- No
- Low degree
- Continental Margins
Active Margins are also known as: ?
Pacific-style margins
Where are they mostly found?
Active Continental Margins:
- Tectonic Activity?
- Special Continental Features?
- High degree of tectonic activty
- Continental Shelf is smaller (NOT the peak of the mtn!!)
- Continental Slope leads abruptly into an oceanic trench
Think of the model of a volcano
Deepest Parts of the Ocean Floor?
Oceanic Trenches
What are turbidity currents?
Short lived, gravity-induced currents made of of sediment and water
that flows downstream to more dense areas (hence downward)
- Does not have to originate near ocean
Partly comprised of a substance transported down the continental slope and rise
How is terrigenous sediment primarily transported to the ocean floor from shallow waters?
Turbidity currents. Can triggered by earthquakes like the Grand Banks Earthquake.
Terrigeneous = land-driven
What are submarine canyons?
- Shape, Locations with regards to continental margins
Steep-walled, V-shaped valleys found incised into shelves and slopes and open out at depth onto the continental rise.
They're associated with the mouths of large rivers.
What relates submarine canyons and turbidity currents?
The canyons are major conduits for the flow of a turbidity current
What do submarine fans create?
They form the continental
rise which also merges with the abyssal plains
With regards to continental margins
What are fan-shaped sediment deposits ?
Submarine Fans
What three topological features make up the ocean floor?
1 - Mid-Ocean Ridge and Rise System
2 - Abyssal Hills
3 - Abyssal Plains