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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Q: What is crucial to the protection of juvenile fish?
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A: Kelp forests
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Q: What animal in the order Carnivora indirectly helps control the health of kelp forests?
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A: Sea otters by eating sea urchins that eat kelp
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Q: If you were to remove otters, then…
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A: Sea urchins would grow w/o control & kelp forests would die off. In CA waters, otters & kelp are trying to make a come-back
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Q: What should you never do to a sea anemone?
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A: DO NOT PUT YOUR TONGUE ON IT! IT’S TRYING TO KILL YOU AND WANTS TO EAT YOU!
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H: Your finger skin is thick enough can resist the neurotoxin, but…
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Q: Individual coral are called?
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A: Polyps; small & feeds with stinging tentacles
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Q: Why do warming episodes like those experienced during severe El Ninos tend to stress corals?
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A: They cannot survive in water that is too warm (>30 deg C).
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H: Trade winds reverse direction…
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Q: What happens when coral perform coral bleaching?
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A: Loss of color in response to the removal/expulsion of coral’s symbiotic partner (zooxanthellae algae) that normally feeds it. The coral will be weakened and not grow & over time, it will lead to colony death.
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Q: What is a special feature of Cnidarians?
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A: Regular consumers that also live symbiotically with primary producers
H: Mixotrophic |
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Q: Are warm surface waters nutrient-poor with not much phytoplankton?
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A: Yes
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Q: What are 5 features about zooxanthellae?
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A: Modified dinoflagellates
- Live in outer tissue of coral polyps - Mutualism with hermatypic coral polyps - Require clear sunlit waters & are stenothermal organisms (>= 20 deg C) - Highly susceptible to pollution as a result (cloudy sediment, fertilizer runoff, sewage) |
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Q: Explain the benefits to the symbiotic relationship of zooxanthellae & coral polyps.
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A: Zooxanthellae get a stable environment, predator protection & supply of nutrients (coral waste products)
The coral gets a local oxygen supply, secondary food source (if hard times set in) & a waste removal system. This is also the only way coral reefs can survive in the nutrient-poor tropical waters, but get highest Carbon rates in the world! |
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Q: How do coral reefs get as big as they are?
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A: When coral dies, it’s calcite remains form a limestone structure for new coral to latch & grow upon
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Q: What is the geology sequence of coral reefs?
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A: Begins as a fringing reef surrouding a new island
- As island/volcanic-peak sinks, the coral continues to grow vertically at an isostatic rate. This forms a lagoon with sediment coming up as the island subsides. (Barrier reef) - Eventually erodes into seamount, with lagoon more prominent and coral reef still growing as an Atoll. |
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Q: What are 4 reasons for coral reef decline?
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A: 1 – Increasing global temperature
2 – Habitat disturbance through tourism, fishing 3 – Pollution 4 – Increased exposure to UVs |
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Q: What are the “oases of the deep ocean”?
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A: Hydrothermal vent biocommunities
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Q: What is the source of primary production in hydrothermal vent communities?
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A: Chemosynthesis near black smokers (belch black cloud of hot water full of metal particles)
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H: Some form of synthesis…
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Q: What is the chemical equation for chemosynthesis?
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A: Hydrogen Sulfide + Water + CarbonDioxide + Oxygen -> Glucose + Sulfuric acid
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H: Many organisms depend symbiotically on archaea for a specific carbohydrate produced in this equation
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Q: What is the source of primary production for hypersaline, hydrocarbon, and subduction zone seeps?
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A: Chemosynthesis
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H: All located in hydrogen sulfide-rich waters
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Q: Where may have been some of the first regions where life was established on Earth?
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A: Hydrothermal vents
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Q: Where is the deep biosphere?
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A: Beneath the ocean floor where microbes that oxidize methane to produce food for other organisms have been found
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Q: What is the average growth rate of human yearly?
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A: +80 million every year
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Q: What is commercial extinction?
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A: Depletion of a species to the point that it is no longer profitable to harvest
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Q: What are 3 solutions increasing fish stocks?
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A: 1 – Improved Fisheries Management
2 – Aquaculture (Human cultivation of marine organisms under controlled conditions) 3 – Mariculture (Farming of marine organisms in estuaries or shallow bays |
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Q: What is the standard for Pacifc NW Salmon Mariculture?
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A: Now farmed in wave-protected coves (equivalent of poultry pens); still requires ocean extraction for feed; unfortunately genetic uniformity of fish fosters disease
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Q: What is the difference between microclimate, mesoclimate, and macroclimate?
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A: Micro – Cool shade under a tree (local atmospheric zone)
Meso – Conditions in a region a few square km in size (i.e. Entire LA Basin) Macro – Climate of an area size of country, continent, or ocean |
H: Climate, in general, is accumulation of weather events over a long period of time; these subsets are divided w/ regards to area of event
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