Espm 114 Midterm Two

Front 1

biogeography

Back 1

study of the distribution patterns of living organisms

Front 2

zoogeography

Back 2

study of animal distribution (and richness) patterns

Front 3

phytogeography

Back 3

study of plant distribution

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richness

Back 4

total number of species

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abundance

Back 5

number of individuals

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3 General patterns of distribution

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1) most species occur on only one continent

2) distribution differs across taxonomic groups

3) matches btwn patterns of species occurrence and geographical barriers suggest the world can be divided in zoogeographic realms

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endemic species

Back 7

native and confined to a default area

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indigenous species

Back 8

native to a defined area but also found elsewhere

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exotic species

Back 9

non-native species that are locally or widely introduced

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cosmopolitan species

Back 10

species indigenous to all geographic realms

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alfred russel wallace

Back 11

first scientist to relate species range to geographic features

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wallace line

Back 12

most dramatic change in species composition of any realm boundary:

west: asian fauna and flora
east: australian fauna and flora

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3 factors affecting distribution

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1) history
2) dispersal
3) adaptive radiation

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dispersal factors

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1) spread more because of vagility
2) physical barriers
3) biological barriers

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history

Back 15

connectivity of land masses over geological time

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patterns of species richness

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1) latitudinal gradient
-richness increases as you go from poles to equator

2) peninsula effect
-richness decreases as you go from base to tip of peninsula

3) richness
-greater in mountainous regions than in flat regions

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stochasticity

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different climatic events affect different species and different regions of the world

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population

Back 18

a group of interacting animals of the same species

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abundance

Back 19

population size in numbers

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density

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numbers per unit area

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census

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a complete count of all individuals in a population

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survey

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partial count, could be explanded to an estimate of total population size

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detectability

Back 23

function of species, habitat, time of day (light, behavior), observer experience, group size, method of search (speed, height, visibility)

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mobility

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doubling-counting or undercounting

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behavior

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trap-happy vs. trap-shy affects catch-per-unit effort

activity pattern

territorial vs. transient individuals

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direct counting technique

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aerial- helicopter
group - drives, etc.
live trapping - catch per unit
mark-recapture

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indirect counting techniques

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tracks/droppings

camera trapping

call stations

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quadrats sampling techniques

Back 28

N = (n/a)A

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circular plots sampling techniques

Back 29

often used for birds

stand at center -> count all within sight of radius

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sampling: strip transect

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walk in a line, count everything within a width

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sampling: distance transect

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walking, driving, etc

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assumptions of transect

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no movement of animals(2x counting, undercount)

sights are independent events

probability of sighting a group is independent of group size

objects directly on line will never be missed

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aerial surveys

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detectibility varies by:

habitat, time of day, observer, hiegh, speed, species

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denser habitat

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lower detection

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detectibility

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left uncorrected: results in undercount and inflates variance of the population estimate

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methods for addressing detectability bias

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double sampling: sub-sample plots more intesively

capture-recapture: use more markers

statistical model: RELATE # observed to confounding variable, then set variables to zero

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assumptions for mark-recapture

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-no emmigration/immigration

-if mortality, = survival of mark/unmarked

-no loss of marker
-= detectability of mark/unmarked
-random mixing of marked/unmarked
-marked individuals are rep. samp of pop.
- all indv. indp. of each other

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metapopulation

Back 38

population of populations

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rescue effect

Back 39

facilitates recolonization of an area following a local extinction