Esp

Front 1

obscure

Back 1

difficult to understand

Front 2

obfuscate

Back 2

to deliberately make sth unclear and hard to understand, SYN confuse

Front 3

tedious

Back 3

te‧di‧ous / tidiəs / adjective

something that is tedious continues for a long time and is not interesting SYN boring :
The work was tiring and tedious.

— tediously adverb :
a tediously long film

Front 4

evident

Back 4

ev‧i‧dent AC / evəd ə nt, evɪd ə nt / adjective

easy to see, notice, or understand SYN obvious , clear
evident that
It was evident that she was unhappy.
It soon became evident that she was seriously ill.
It was clearly evident that the company was in financial difficulties.
evident to
It was evident to me that he was not telling the truth.
evident in
The growing popularity of the subject is evident in the numbers of students wanting to study it.
Bob ate his lunch with evident enjoyment.
→ self-evident

Front 5

dialect

Back 5

di‧a‧lect / daɪəlekt / noun [ uncountable and countable ]

a form of a language which is spoken only in one area, with words or grammar that are slightly different from other forms of the same language → accent
Chinese/Yorkshire etc dialect
The people up there speak a Tibetan dialect .
the local dialect


گویش

Front 6

cumbersome

Back 6

cum‧ber‧some / kʌmbəs ə m $ -bər- / adjective

1 a process or system that is cumbersome is slow and difficult :
Doctors are complaining that the system is cumbersome and bureaucratic.
cumbersome procedures
2 heavy and difficult to move :
a large cumbersome machine
3 words or phrases that are cumbersome are long or complicated

Front 7

drawback

Back 7

draw‧back / drɔbæk $ drɒ- / noun [ countable ]
a disadvantage of a situation, plan, product etc :
It’s a great city – the only drawback is the weather.
drawback of/to (doing) something
The main drawback to these products is that they tend to be too salty.


THESAURUS

disadvantage noun [ countable ] a bad feature that something has, which makes it less good or less useful than other things : What do you think are the disadvantages of nuclear energy? | This car uses a lot of fuel, which is a major disadvantage.
drawback noun [ countable ] a bad feature that something has, although it has advantages that are usually more important : One of the main drawbacks is the price.
bad point noun [ countable ] especially spoken a bad feature that something has : All of these designs have both their good points and bad points.
the downside noun [ singular ] the disadvantage of a situation that in most other ways seems good or enjoyable : It’s a great job. The only

Front 8

distinct

Back 8

dis‧tinct W3 AC / dɪstɪŋkt / adjective

1 clearly different or belonging to a different type :
two entirely distinct languages
distinct types/groups/categories etc
There are four distinct types.
distinct from
The learning needs of the two groups are quite distinct from each other.
2 as distinct from something used to make it clear that you are not referring to a particular kind of thing, but to something else :
a movie star, as distinct from an actor
3 something that is distinct can clearly be seen, heard, smelled etc OPP indistinct :
The outline of the ship became more distinct.
4 [ only before noun ] a distinct possibility, feeling, quality etc definitely exists and cannot be ignored :
I got the distinct impression he was trying to make me angry.
There is a distinct possibility that this will eventually be needed.
a distinct lack of enthusiasm

Front 9

predecessor

Back 9

pre‧de‧ces‧sor / pridəsesə, pridɪsesə $ predəsesər / noun [ countable ]

1 someone who had your job before you started doing it OPP successor :
Kennedy’s predecessor as President was the war hero Dwight Eisenhower.
2 a machine, system etc that existed before another one in a process of development OPP successor :
The new BMW has a more powerful engine than its predecessor.

Front 10

likewise

Back 10

like‧wise AC / laɪk-waɪz / adverb
1 formal in the same way SYN similarly :
Nanny put on a shawl and told the girls to do likewise .
[ sentence adverb ]
The clams were delicious. Likewise, the eggplant was excellent.
2 likewise spoken used to return someone’s greeting or polite statement :
‘You’re always welcome at our house.’ ‘Likewise.’

Front 11

narration

Back 11

nar‧ra‧tion / nəreɪʃ ə n $ næ-, nə- / noun [ uncountable and countable ]
1 a spoken description or explanation which is given during a film, play etc
2 formal the act of telling a story

Front 12

naked

Back 12

na‧ked S3 / neɪkəd, neɪkɪd / adjective

1 not wearing any clothes or not covered by clothes SYN nude → bare :
The children ran naked through the yard.
a picture of a naked man
They found the body lying half naked in the grass.
The governor ordered the prisoner to be stripped naked and whipped.
stark naked ( also buck naked/naked as a jaybird ) American English (= completely naked )

Front 13

concurrence

Back 13

con‧cur‧rence / kənkʌrəns $ -kɜr- / noun formal
1 [ countable ] an example of events, actions etc happening at the same time
concurrence of
a strange concurrence of events
2 [ uncountable ] agreement
concurrence with
Jules expressed his concurrence with the suggestion.

همزمانی

Front 14

spatial

Back 14

spa‧tial / speɪʃ ə l / adjective

relating to the position, size, shape etc of things

— spatially adverb
مربوط به فضا

Front 15

correalte

Back 15

cor‧rel‧ate 1 / kɒrəleɪt, kɒrɪleɪt $ kɔ-, kɑ- / verb [ intransitive and transitive ]

if two or more facts, ideas etc correlate or if you correlate them, they are closely connected to each other or one causes the other
correlate with
Poverty and poor housing correlate with a shorter life expectancy.
correlate strongly/significantly/closely
Lack of prenatal care correlates strongly with premature birth.

مرتبط بودن

Front 16

contemplate

Back 16

con‧tem‧plate / kɒntəmpleɪt $ kɑn- / verb

1 [ transitive ] to think about something that you might do in the future SYN consider :
He had even contemplated suicide.
contemplate doing something
Did you ever contemplate resigning?

Front 17

sacrifice

Back 17

sac‧ri‧fice 1 / sækrəfaɪs, sækrɪfaɪs / noun

1 [ uncountable and countable ] when you decide not to have something valuable, in order to get something that is more important :
The minister stressed the need for economic sacrifice.
The workforce were willing to make sacrifices in order to preserve jobs.
She brought three children up single-handedly, often at great personal sacrifice .

Front 18

pose

Back 18

pose 1 W3 AC / pəʊz $ poʊz / verb

1 cause problem [ transitive ] to exist in a way that may cause a problem, danger, difficulty etc
pose a threat/danger/risk
Officials claim the chemical poses no real threat.
pose something to/for somebody/something
The events pose a challenge to the church’s leadership.
Rising unemployment is posing serious problems for the administration.

3 pose a question to ask a question, especially one that needs to be carefully thought about :
In her book she poses the question ‘How much do we need to be happy?’.

Front 19

compensate

Back 19

com‧pen‧sate AC / kɒmpənseɪt $ kɑm- / verb

1 [ intransitive ] to replace or balance the effect of something bad :
Because my left eye is so weak, my right eye has to work harder to compensate.
compensate for
Her intelligence more than compensates for her lack of experience.

جبران کردن - تعدیل کردن

Front 20

catastrophic

Back 20

ca‧tas‧tro‧phe / kətæstrəfi / noun

1 [ uncountable and countable ] a terrible event in which there is a lot of destruction, suffering, or death SYN disaster
environmental/nuclear/economic etc catastrophe
The Black Sea is facing ecological catastrophe as a result of pollution.

فاجعه آمیز

Front 21

tweak

Back 21

tweak / twik / verb [ transitive ]

1 to suddenly pull or twist something :
She leant forward and tweaked both ends of his moustache.
2 to make small changes to a machine, vehicle, or system in order to improve the way it works :
Maybe you should tweak a few sentences before you send in the report.

— tweak noun [ countable usually singular ]

افزایش سرعت

Front 22

regime

Back 22

re‧gime W2 AC / reɪʒim / noun [ countable ]

1 a government, especially one that was not elected fairly or that you disapprove of for some other reason :
The regime got rid of most of its opponents.
military/totalitarian/fascist regime
brutal/oppressive/corrupt regime
2 a particular system – used especially when talking about a previous system, or one that has just been introduced
under a regime
Under the new regime, all sheep and cattle will be regularly tested for disease.

Front 23

advent

Back 23

ad‧vent / ædvent / noun written

the advent of something the time when something first begins to be widely used SYN coming :
the advent of the computer

Front 24

latter

Back 24

lat‧ter 1 W2 / lætə $ -ər / noun
the latter formal the second of two people or things just mentioned OPP former :
Where unemployment and crime are high, it can be assumed that the latter is due to the former.

دومی - آخری

Front 25

tractable

Back 25

trac‧ta‧ble / træktəb ə l / adjective formal

easy to control or deal with OPP intractable :
The issues have proved to be less tractable than expected.

— tractability / træktəbɪləti, træktəbɪlɪti / noun [ uncountable ]

Front 26

sake

Back 26

sake 1 S2 W3 / seɪk / noun [ uncountable ]
1 for the sake of somebody/something ( also for sb’s/sth’s sake ) in order to help, improve, or please someone or something :
He moved to the seaside for the sake of his health.
I only went for Kay’s sake.
I hope he’s told the truth for his own sake (= because it will be good for him ) .

دلیل جهت

Front 27

ensemble

Back 27

a group of things or people acting or taken together as a whole, especially a group of musicians who regularly play together