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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are ergogenic aids? |
Substances or phenomena that are work-producing and are believed to increase performance. |
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How many athletes use supplements? |
80% of athletes do. |
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What are concerns with research design in ergogenic aids? |
1) Amount of substance 2) Subject 3) Task 4) Use 5) Placebo 6) Double-blind studies |
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Concerns with amount of substance? |
Too little or too much may show no effect |
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Concerns with subject? |
May be effective in "untrained" but not "trained" subjects, and vice versa The "value" as determined by the subject |
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Concerns with task? |
Endurance vs. short-term events Large-motor vs. fine-motor activities |
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Concerns with use? |
May enchance short-term performance but compromise long-term performance |
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Concerns with placebo? |
Look-alike substance containing nothing that will improve performance Athlete's belief in a substance may influence performance |
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Concerns with double-blind studies? |
Neither the investigators nor the subjects are aware of who is receiving the treatment |
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How much evidence is there that dietary supplements improve performance except creatine? |
Little evidence. |
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Importance of creatine monohydrate? |
1) Increases muscle phosphocreatine, essential in short-term explosive exercises. 2) Supplementation increases muscle creatine levels 3) Improves ability to maintain force and power output 4) Increase in muscle mass due to more water retention than protein synthesis 5) No short-term side effects are reported, but no long-term adverse effects 6) Most benefits explosive athletes compared to endurance athletes. |
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Importance of oxygen as an ergogenic aid? |
Increases amount of time needed to exhaust one's body only if breathing greater than 21% oxygen mixtures at normal atmospheric pressure. |
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Importance of hyperbaric chamber? |
1) Breathing air under higher pressure 2) 21% or higher oxygen 3) No evidence of improved performance |
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Why isn't oxygen as an ergogenic aid practical prior to exercise? |
It is not possible to increase oxygen bound to hemoglobin, and blood oxygen levels return to normal within a few breaths of air. |
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Why isn't oxygen as an ergogenic aid practical during exercise? |
There is no way to increase oxygen delivery to the muscle, just an increase in time to exhaustion. |
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Why isn't oxygen as an ergogenic aid practical after exercise? |
There is no improvement to recovery HR, ventilation, post exercise VO2 levels, or even subsequent performance. |
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What is blood doping? |
The infusion of RBCs to increase hemoglobin concentration and oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. |
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What are the two types of blood doping? |
Autologous transfusion and homologous transfusion. |
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What is autologous transfusion? |
Subject blood dopes with their own blood. |
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What is homologous transfusion? |
Subject uses the blood of a matched donor |
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What is erythropoietin? |
Hormone that stimulates RBC production, can lead to extremely high RBC. |
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What are the benefits of blood doping? |
Improvement in VO2 max and endurance performance. |
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Importance of blood buffers? |
Enchances ability to buffer hydrogen during exercise, and improves performances of 1-10 minutes duration or repeated bouts of high-intesity exercise |
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Importance of amphetamines? |
1) Cause increased arousal and perception of increased energy and self-confidence 2) Improve performance in fatigued subjects only |
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Importance of caffeine? |
1) MAY improve performance at the muscle or nervous system 2) Elevates blood glucose and increases fat utilization 3) Decreases perception of fatigue and lower RPE during prolonged exercise 4) Effect is variable and dose-related |
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Factors influenced by caffeine that might improve performance? |
1) Central Nervous System 2) Heart and Skeletal Muscle 3) Mobilization of glucose and fat |
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Importance of nicotine? |
1) Stimulates both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems 2) Increase in HR, higher RMR, increased cardiovascular responses to light exercise |
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Nicotine in small doses results in what? |
Increase in autonomic activity |
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Nicotine in large doses results in what? |
Blockage of autonomic responses |
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Importance of physical warm-up? |
Causes both physiological and psychological changes that are beneficials to performance such as: increased muscle temperature, arousal, focus on event |
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Importance of stretching? |
1) Increases joint flexibility 2) Increases muscle-tendon compliance 3) Stretching after exercise may reduce injury. |
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What are circulatory responses to exercise? |
Changes in heart rate and blood pressure. |
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What do circulatory responses to exercise depend on? |
1) Type, intesity, and durance of exercise: arm vs. leg exercise 2) Environmental condition: hot/humid vs. cool 3) Emotional influence: can raise pre-exercise heart rate and blood pressure
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What is the command theory? |
The initial signal to "drive" cardiovascular system comes frm higher brain centers due to centrally generated motor signals |
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What fine tunes the command theory? |
1) Heart mechanoreceptors 2) Muscle chemoreceptors 3) Muscle mechanoreceptors 4) Baroreceptors |
