Esci 1001- Geology And Cinema Quiz #2

Front 1

What is a large, irregularly shaped body of crystallized magma in the subsurface?

Back 1

A Pluton

Front 2

What is a nearly horizontal layer of igneous rock called?

Back 2

A Sill

Front 3

What is cross bedding an indication of?

Back 3

Deposition from a moving fluid

Front 4

T/F: Earth's magnetic field is static, the product of magnetic minerals in the crust, mantle and core.

Back 4

False

Front 5

T/F: Earth's magnetic field resembles that of a giant bar magnet but changes with time.

Back 5

True

Front 6

Going from largest clast size to smallest, what is the correct ordering of clay, gravel, sand, and silt?

Back 6

Gravel, sand, silt, clay

Front 7

T/F: Magma and lava are completely synonymous.

Back 7

False

Front 8

T/F: Magmas contain nothing but molten rock.

Back 8

False

Front 9

Compared to immature sediment, mature sediment is what?

Back 9

More rounded

Front 10

What is melting in subduction zones largely a result of?

Back 10

Water

Front 11

T/F: Melting of rock is a common occurrence in the mantle.

Back 11

False

Front 12

T/F: Metamorphism involves melting.

Back 12

False

Front 13

T/F: Metamorphism usually changes rock composition.

Back 13

False

Front 14

T/F: Most magmas and lavas are silicic (i.e., crystallize into rocks with abundant silicate minerals).

Back 14

True

Front 15

What is ocean crust's chemical closest to?

Back 15

Gabbro

Front 16

T/F: Pyroclastic material comprises sills and dikes.

Back 16

False

Front 17

Relative to sediment near the top of an accumulation, sediment near the base was deposited when?

Back 17

Earlier

Front 18

T/F: Ripples are static features formed by interaction of wind and/or water and the rocky surface.

Back 18

False

Front 19

Do ripples propagate upstream or downstream?

Back 19

Downstream

Front 20

T/F: Seafloor magnetic lineations are visible in ocean bathymetry.

Back 20

False

Front 21

T/F: Melting of rock is a common occurrence in the mantle.

Back 21

False

Front 22

T/F: Metamorphism involves melting.

Back 22

False

Front 23

T/F: Metamorphism usually changes rock composition.

Back 23

False

Front 24

T/F: Most magmas and lavas are silicic (i.e., crystallize into rocks with abundant silicate minerals).

Back 24

True

Front 25

What is ocean crust's chemical closest to?

Back 25

Gabbro

Front 26

T/F: Pyroclastic material comprises sills and dikes.

Back 26

False

Front 27

Relative to sediment near the top of an accumulation, sediment near the base was deposited when?

Back 27

Earlier

Front 28

T/F: Ripples are static features formed by interaction of wind and/or water and the rocky surface.

Back 28

False

Front 29

Do ripples propagate upstream or downstream?

Back 29

Downstream

Front 30

T/F: Seafloor magnetic lineations are visible in ocean bathymetry.

Back 30

False

Front 31

T/F: Sediments accumulate deep in the crust.

Back 31

False

Front 32

T/F: Sediments become sedimentary rock with time--nothing else is needed.

Back 32

False

Front 33

T/F: Sediments deposited in the same layer at the same time but in different places must be practically identical.

Back 33

False

Front 34

T/F: Shield and strato volcanoes represent two different ends of the volcano morphology spectrum.

Back 34

True

Front 35

T/F: Silicate minerals are common in igneous rocks.

Back 35

True

Front 36

T/F: The composition of melt and the parent solid are identical.

Back 36

False

Front 37

What is geotherm?

Back 37

The rate at which the earth's temperature increases with depth.

Front 38

What is the horizontal banding obvious in many sedimentary rocks called?

Back 38

Bedding

Front 39

Approximately how many years ago was the last time Earth's magnetic field completely reversed polarity?

Back 39

1 Million

Front 40

T/F: The temperature of most lavas is less than 500 degree celcius.

Back 40

False

Front 41

T/F: There is lots of metamorphic rock exposed in MN.

Back 41

True

Front 42

T/F: Volcanic ash is little different from chimney ash.

Back 42

False

Front 43

T/F: Volcanic bombs are large sized tephra.

Back 43

True

Front 44

T/F: Volcanic island chains in the Pacific are arrayed in lines. This is because they represent magma leaking out through long cracks in the crust.

Back 44

False

Front 45

T/F: What rock you start with is all that matters in categorizing metamorphic rocks.

Back 45

False

Front 46

What characteristics do you need to take into consideration when classifying sedimentary rocks?

Back 46

Texture, composition, grain size, and sediment type.

Front 47

What gasses are commonly emitted by volcanoes?

Back 47

Sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and water vapor.

Front 48

What type of magma is likely to be explosive?

Back 48

One that would crystallize into a rhyolite.

Front 49

What are the types of metamorphism?

Back 49

Regional, hydrothermal, contact, and burial.

Front 50

What is the most common type of metamorphism on land?

Back 50

Regional

Front 51

What physical characteristic is not important in naming igneous rocks?

Back 51

Color

Front 52

What are the three settings associated with deep sediment accumulations?

Back 52

Fore-arc basin, rifted continental margin, and accretionary prism.

Front 53

You find a rock that is light in color, has large crystals, is mostly quartz and potassium feldspar and outcrops in St. Cloud MN. What is it most likely to be?

Back 53

Granite

Front 54

What is igneous rock?

Back 54

Rock that forms when magma or lava cools and becomes solid

Front 55

What is the difference between magma and lava?

Back 55

Lava is exposed at the earth's surface and magma is beneath the earth's surface.

Front 56

What is a phaneritic igneous rock?

Back 56

A rock which is intrusive (cooled slowly underground), and the crystals can be seen with the naked eye.

Front 57

What is an aphanitic igneous rock?

Back 57

A rock which is extrusive (cooled quickly in air or underwater), and the crystals are too small to see.

Front 58

What is a porphyritic igneous rock?

Back 58

A rock which had a two (or more) stage cooling history. and contains large crystals in a fine-grained matrix.

Front 59

What is a pegmatitic igneous rock?

Back 59

A rare, intrusive (cooled slowly underground) rock with crystals larger than 2cm on average.

Front 60

What is a partial melt?

Back 60

Since rocks don't melt at one temperature, some rocks are molten but most are solid.

Front 61

What role does pressure play in melting?

Back 61

It increases the melting point of a rock.

Front 62

What role does water play in melting?

Back 62

It lowers the melting point of a rock.

Front 63

Is melt more or less dense than solid rock?

Back 63

Less dense.

Front 64

Where is melt made?

Back 64

Mid-ocean ridges, subduction zones, and hot spots.

Front 65

What are the two most common melt rocks?

Back 65

Basalt and gabbro

Front 66

What are the two kinds of volcanoes?

Back 66

Shield and strato.

Front 67

What are the characteristics of shield volcanoes?

Back 67

Low slope, usually basaltic, and non-explosive.

Front 68

What are the characteristics of strato volcanoes?

Back 68

Steep sided and explosive.

Front 69

What is tephra?

Back 69

Unconsolidated accumulations of pyroclastic grains (pieces of rock blown from volcano during eruption)

Front 70

What is tuff?

Back 70

Pyroclastic material that is welded together into rock.

Front 71

What are the three types of sediments?

Back 71

Clastic, chemical, and biogenic.

Front 72

What is a clastic sediment?

Back 72

Broken pieces from clay to boulder size.

Front 73

What is a chemical sediment?

Back 73

Preciptated from water

Front 74

What is a biogenic sediment?

Back 74

Created from shells and casts of organisms

Front 75

What are two settings that frequently result in large accumulations of sediments?

Back 75

Subduction zones and continental rift zones.

Front 76

What is graded bedding?

Back 76

Bedding with course sediment on bottom grading up to fine- usually from water.

Front 77

What is cross bedding?

Back 77

Bedding plants that are not parallel to stratification- usually results from water or air.

Front 78

What is lithification?

Back 78

The process by which sediments become a solid rock

Front 79

How does lithification occur?

Back 79

Compaction, reduction in porosity, and cementation.

Front 80

What is metamorphism?

Back 80

The process of changing in the characteristics of a rock by changes in pressure and temperature.

Front 81

What are the two types of pressure and what do they mean?

Back 81

Confining pressure (uniform, from all directions), and stress pressure (directional pressure)

Front 82

What are the characteristics of regional metamorphism?

Back 82

Most common, occurs in the cores of mountains

Front 83

What are the characteristics of contact metamorphism?

Back 83

Result of increase of temperature, grade decreases away from intrusion

Front 84

What are the characteristics of burial metamorphism?

Back 84

A thick, sedimentary blanket, low grade, rocsk retain primary structures

Front 85

What are the characteristics of cataclastic metamorphism?

Back 85

High stresses/faulting, mechanical crushing and shearing, fluid interactions

Front 86

What are the characteristics of hydrothermal metamorphism?

Back 86

Moving hot water, common near mid-ocean ridges

Front 87

What are the four most common protoliths (source rocks) or metamorphic rocks?

Back 87

Shales/mudstones, basalts, quartz-rich sandstones, and limestones