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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Secular Eschatology
(THE BIG HZN) |
The Singularity Eschatology
Hegel's Eschatology Evolutionary Eschatology Buddhist Eschatology Islamic Eschatology Greek Eschatology Hindu Eschatology Zoroastrian Eschatology Norse Eschatology |
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The Singularity: A modern Eschatology
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One: Physics and Chemistry (Big Bang and molecules)
Two: Biology and DNA Three: Brains – ability to recognize patterns Four: Technology – ability to manipulate the environment, etc. Five: Merger of human technology w/ human intelligence (called posthumanism by some) Six: The universe wakes up (it becomes God ) |
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Hindu Eschatology
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We live in the last of 4 periods in the current age (a pattern of degeneration)
Appearance of Kalki, 10th and last avatar of Vishnu |
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Evolutionary Eschatology
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Assumption in Darwinian model is progress
Darwin may have inherited from theism Implies an end or goal for evolution Humanists: goal is humanity Others: further human evolution |
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Buddhist Eschatology
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Gradual loss of Buddha’s teachings
New Buddha (Maitreya) will arise and renew teachings |
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Islamic Eschatology
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Isa (Jesus), who never died, will return to earth, end all wars and begin a period of peace
Heaven portrayed as a garden, a physical paradise |
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Greek Eschatology
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Epicureans: no afterlife
Stoicism: ambiguity; focus on this life and attainment of virtue |
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Hegel's Eschatology
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World is a progression
Contradictions of each age resolved in next Thesis, antithesis, synthesis |
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Zoroastrian Eschatology
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Gradual degeneration of the universe
A battle between righteous and wicked |
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Norse Eschatology
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A strong Winter will overcome the earth
Fighting will break out between among humans |
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The Genre of Prophecy
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The importance of prophecy - Vast material in OT; much apparently not yet fulfilled;
Key part of understanding NT: some has been fulfilled; some yet to be fulfilled The difficulty of Prophecy - Use of symbols & figures; The historical distance |
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Role of prophet
Isaiah 8:20 |
Covenant enforcement mediators - Hos 4:2
Blessings and cursings - Lev 26; Deut 28-32 Motivational |
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Explaining Prophecy
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Communication of God’s word through a human spokesperson
Primary focus: forthtelling not foretelling - Not all is predictive - All is relevant to present or near future |
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How to Interpret Prophecy
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Recognize figures of speech, sub-genre
- Includes speech, narrative, poetry Recognize Prophetic Oracles - Lawsuit oracle: Is 1 - Woe oracle: Is 5 - Promise Oracle: Is 41 Recognize prophetic perspective Distinguish covenant promises from general promises |
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Understanding Apocalyptic
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Prophets use common idioms and forms
One contemporary form: apocalyptic - Common from 200 B.C. to A.D. 200 - Highly symbolic picture of God defeating enemies - Includes visions, dreams, cryptic messages Implication: If Revelation is apocalyptic, must follow rules of apocalyptic! - Different conclusions about genre lead to different interpretations! |
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Backgound Biblical Covenants
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Center of Biblical Revelation: covenant
-Berit: covenant, contract, treaty -Diatheke (Greek) “Secular” covenants: -Abraham & Abimelech (Gen 21: -David & Jonathan (1 Sam 18) -Jacob and Laban (Gen 31) |
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What is A Covenant
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Simply: a contract, agreement, promise
Elements of a covenant Related biblical ideas: - Election, “covenant formula” (I will be your God…”) Neh 9:8 Term for “fellowship enabling relationship” |
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Classifying Covenants
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Conditional Covenants
- Fulfillment depends on specific conditions Unconditional covenants - Fulfillment for any specific individual or generation is conditional - Final and ultimate fulfillment is dependent only on will of the covenant maker |
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Theological Covenants
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Noahic Covenant
Gen 6; Abrahamic Covenant Gen 12, Mosaic Covenant Ex 19-24; Davidic Covenant 2 Sam 7 New Covenant Jer 31 |
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Abrahamic Covenant
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Its content
- Descendents: great nation (Gen. 12) - Land (15) - Blessing (12) Conditional or unconditional? - Lack of explicit conditions in Gen 12 - Covenant symbolism of Gen 15 - Role of circumcision: sign of covenant (17:11; not a “condition” – cp. v. 9) - Other Ot text Gen 50 |
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Christological Fulfllment
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Fulfillment in and through Christ
- Luke 1; Relation to the Church - Gal 3 - Does this rule out fulfillment to the nation of Israel? |
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Davidic Covenant
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Content of the covenant: 2 Sam 7
- Descendants - Eternal throne and kingdom Conditional or Unconditional? -Conditions for individual descendants (14) -Repetition of forever, eternal language -Divine act! (“I will”; “the Lord himself”) |
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Christological Fulfillment
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Fulfilled in and through Christ
- Luke 1 Relation to the church? - Parallel to other covenants (Abrahamic, New) Acts 13 |
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New Covenant
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Content of the Covenant: Jer 31
- Forgiveness (34) - Spiritual transformation (33-34) - National restoration (Ezek 34) Conditional or unconditional? -Said to be eternal, everlasting (Jer 32:40; Ez 37) -Emphasis on divine action (“I will…”) -Audience is spiritually rebellious nation! |
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Christological Fulfillment in the New Covenant
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Fulfilled in and through Christ (Luke 22
Relation to the church - New Cov. inaugurated at Pentecost (Acts 2) - Real, but partial fulfillment (cp. 1 Thess 4:7-9) - Is there a future fulfillment for Israel? |
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Covenant Theology
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Also called Covenantalism, Federal Theology
Based on three “implicit” covenants: Covenant of Works – with Adam and Eve Obedience=life; disobedience=death; representative Covenant of Redemption Godhead’s agreement to provide redemption Covenant of Grace Historical expression of covenant of Redemption |
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Covenant Theology History
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Primarily post-Reformation
Systematized by Cocceius (1603-1669) Part of many later statements Westminster Confession of Faith Jonathan Edwards Most Reformed Presbyterians |
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Covenant Theology Distinctives
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Various biblical covenants are seen as administrations of the covenant of Redemption/Grace
History is bound together by soteriological unity (one covenant of grace) Deemphasizes distinctions between OT and NT eras Emphasizes NT fufillment passages as key to interpreting OT prophecies (vs. “literal”) Covenant Thelogy and Eschatology - One people of God implies: the church replaces/surpercedes Israel - Future promised fullfillments to the church! - Can have varied views on millennim |
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Dispensationalism
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A dispensation is a distinguishable economy in the outworking of God’s plan. (Ryrie)
Dispensationalism: View that emphasizes the various dispensations as central to understanding God’s purpose in history. |
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History of Dispensationalism
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Primarily post-1800
Major Early figure: John Nelson Darby American adoption in 1850s & 1860s - Niagara Bible Conference, James Brookes Systematized and Popularized by Scofield - Scofield Reference Bible, 1909 Key aspect of rise of evangelicalism Updates/revisions in 1960s and 1970s - Ryrie: Dispensationalism Today; New Scofield Bible |
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Key Features of Dispensationalism
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Emphasizes development, progress
Emphasizes that God’s purposes are broader than just salvation of individuals Ryrie’s sine qua non: - Consistent literal hermeneutic - Distinction between Israel and the church - Doxalogical purpose of history |
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Name the Seven Dispensations
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Innocence
Conscience Human Government Promise Law Grace Millennium |
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Progressive Dispensationalism
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Recent developments/changes
- Since the 1980s! Question the sine qua non: - Grammatical-historical interpretation evangelical consensus (not literal!) - Distinction between Israel & church too strict - Reformed theology is doxalogical too! Historical analysis –movement is diverse |
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Varieties of Dispensationalism
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There is no generic dispensationalism
Chronologically distinct phases: Early dispensationalism Scofield/Chafer: “classical” Revised dispensationalism (Ryrie, Walvoord) Progressive Dispensationalism Distinct ecclesiastical traditions Baptist, Presbyterian, Brethren, Pentecostal |
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Progressive Dispensational Emphases
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Complementary hermeneutic
Fulfillment in church w/o abandoning future fulfillment for Israel Already/Not yet focus in eschatology “Inaugurated eschatology” Greater continuity/less discontinuity Unified Christological focus |
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Progressive Dispensational Emphases
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Complementary hermeneutic
Fulfillment in church w/o abandoning future fulfillment for Israel Already/Not yet focus in eschatology “Inaugurated eschatology” Greater continuity/less discontinuity Unified Christological focus |
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Israel and the Church
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In OT, Israel was God’s people
Ex 15:13; Hos 1:9-10; Is 62:4 The Church is now God’s people 2 Cor 6:16 What is the relationship between the two peoples? |
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Beginning of the Church: Church is a New Testament Institution
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Covenant Theology suggests:
Begins with Adam, Abraham Distinctively New Testament (disp. & others!) Church not in OT (mystery): Eph 3:3-6, 9 Jesus taught it was future: Mt 16:18 Based on death of Christ: Eph 1:20-23 Resurrection/ascension: Eph 4:7-12 Spirit baptism: Acts 1:5; 2; 10 (1 Cor 12:13) |
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Does the Church replace Israel? (Supercessionism/Replacement Theology)
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They are described in similar terms
Gal 3:29 1 Peter 2:9-10 They seem to be distinct in some passages 1 Cor 10:32 Most disputed text: Gal 6:15-16 |
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Israel and the Church: Conclusions
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They are similar in many ways
Same God, salvation by faith, some obligations They are different in key ways Different offices, practices, obligations New Testament holds out hope for a future for national/ethnic/political Israel Rom 9-11 (esp. 11:26-29) Luke 1:68ff; 21:24; Acts 1:6-7; 3:19-21 |
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The Millennium:Source idea and term
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Idea rooted in OT prophecies of the Kingdom
Name based on Revelation 20 Key distinctive is sequence, not length Issues: Fulfilled in history or spiritually? Does Christ return prior to fulfillment? End of history cataclysmic or gradual? Who receives the promises? |
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Postmillennialism
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A millennium, but it develops within history
Gradual growth of church’s influence May include the conversion of the Jews Return of Christ follows the millennium |
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Postmillennialism: Supported
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Historical: esp. 18th and 19th centuries
Puritans, Edwards, Finney, Hodge, Strong Indications of social, scientific, & other progress Contemporary aggressive advocates: theonomists Hermeneutical: fulfillment of prophecies in history or the church Biblical: transformation of world Ps 2:1-12; Is 45:22-23; Dan 2:44; Zech 9:10 Parables of mustard seed & yeast (Mt 13:31-33) |
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Postmillennialism: Response
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Can it maintain focus on Christ?
NT looks forward to 2nd coming, return of Christ Present age: Suffering, persecution (Matt 5:10-12; 2 Cor 1:3-11) Evil (Gal 1:4) Historical problem: evidence of progress? Tends to have sporadic plausibility |
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Amillennialism
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No thousand years or earthly kingdom
Christ rules in the church, spiritually We await the resurrection & final states |
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Amillennialism: History
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Origen & Alexandrians
Rejected material; allegorical exegesis Augustine: came to reject physical millennium Calvin: no eschatology; amill w/ post-mill motifs Hoekema One olive tree (no separate future for Israel) OT “millennial” texts really speak of new earth No future return of Israel to inherit the land |
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Amillennialism:Supported
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Historical: Mainstream view for 1,000 years
Origen, Augustine, Calvin, Luther, RCC Hermeneutical: spiritual fulfillment of OT prophecies in the church Covenant theology; replacement of Israel Non-futurist interpretation of Revelation Simplicity: not a complex system Philosophical (some): anti-materialism |
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Amillennialism: Biblical Support
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Parallel of good & evil in this age
Parable of the weeds (Matt 13:24-30) Nature of the first resurrection (Rev 20:5) Takes place at conversion: Jn 5:24-25 Problem of evil in the Millennial state |
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Amillennialism: Response
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Assumes either/or for interpretive schemes; OT promise
Some applied to church vs. all applied only to church Romans 11 and national salvation Examples of “between” or split events 2 Advents Davidic kingship gap |
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Premillennialism
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Prior to the millennium
Antichrist—Persecution—Battle After Millennium Satan deceives the nations—defeated |
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Premillennialism: Supported
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Historical: Most clearly attested among fathers
Purpose of Millennium: Fulfillment of promises to national Israel To demonstrate God’s victory & fullness of salvation (esp., corporate) in history To demonstrate human sinfulness in ensuing rebellion |
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Premillennialism: Biblical Arguments - Revelation 19-20
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Rev 20 in most natural sense
Are the passages sequential? Logic of passage, structural markers Is Revelation 20 a recapitulation of an earlier passage? - Compare 12:7-11 Is the first resurrection the same type of resurrection as the second resurrection? 1st & 2nd imply coordinate 2nd death is not same as 1st death (20:14) Are 2 resurrections different groups? |
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Premillennialism: Other Biblical Arguments(1 Corinthians 15:20-26)
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Sequence of resurrections (23a - tagma):
Christ the firstfruits (23b) Then at his coming, those who are his (23c) Then comes the end (24) when he… Issue – is there a gap between 23c and 24, as there is between 23b and 23c? Not a certainty, but.. Other passages with the same grammatical structure (eita) do seem to have a gap 1 Cor 15:5, 7; 1 Tim 2:13; 3:10 |
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Pretribulational
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Church escapes(rapture)
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Arguments for Pre-Trib (cont.)
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Removal of restrainer: 2 Thess 2:6-10
Absence of church from Tribulation passages Jer 30:4-11 Matt 24:15-31 Rev 4-19 (cp. Rev 4:1?) Distinctive purposes for Israel and the Church Jer 30:7; Dan 9:27 Necessary intervening events Judgment, Marriage supper, conversions |
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Arguments for a Pre-Trib View
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Two-fold description of 2nd Coming
Imminent: Mark 13:32; Tit 2:13; 1 Thess 4:13-18 After certain events: Mt 24-25 Promise of divine protection from wrath Protection promised: Rev 3:10; 1 Thess 5:9 Tribulation a period of divine wrath Rev 6:16-17; 11:18; 12:12; 14:10, 19; 15:1, 7; 16:1, 19; 19:15 |
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Midtribulational View
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General agreement w/ pre-trib on escape from wrath
Locate wrath in last half of 70th week Softening of imminence (some signs) Rapture not secret, but public (trumpet, shout, etc.) Rapture takes place at “last trumpet” 1 Cor 15: 51-52 Connect w/ 7th trumpet judgment in Revelation 11:15 But: “last trumpet” could be a stock idiom |
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Posttribulational Options
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Classic/Semi-classic posttribulationism
No future tribulation/limited focus Futurist postribulationism Future tribulation (70th week) Dispensational posttribulationism Church and Israel have distinct trib experiences |
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Posttribulational Support
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Historical support
Seems most consistent with early premills Distinctive pretrib view arose w/ disp. in 1800s However, futurism also became prominent at that time! Clarification of “imminence” Means general nearness, not absolute Early church did not have imminence |
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Posttribulational Support (cont)
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Problem of terminology
Same terms used for both pretrib (rapture) and 2nd Advent Believers in tribulation experience thlipsis (persecution) not wrath; preserved through tribulation Unity of Church and Israel (covenant theology) Matthew 24-25 (esp. 24:31) |
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Revelation
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date: 68 or 69 AD
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Fourth Last things
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death,judgement, heaven and hell
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main interpretive methods
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Preterist-revelation has already been fulfilled in the past(history of church)
Historical- revelation is in process of being fulfilled Idealist- not actual events Futurist- chapter 4 till end of revelation yet to be fulfilled |
