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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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GBRs
An important part of understanding environmental problems is realizing that, while science can provide solutions to problems, which solutions we ultimately choose depends upon _________. |
depends upon our values
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GBRs
Goleta beach is a ____, or barrier beach, at the mouth of ______. |
Goleta beach is a sand spit, or barrier beach, at the mouth of Goleta slough.
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GBRs
At Goleta beach in the past, _____ of the beach into the slough from storm waves was probobly _______, and the stream exiting the lagoon migrated along the entire _______ from fish rock at the west end near UCSB east to the present outlet east of the restaurant. |
At Goleta beach in the past overwash of the beach into the slough from storm waves was probably frequent, and the stream exiting the lagoon migrated along the entire barrier beach from Fish Rock at the west end near UCSB east to the present outlet east of the restaurant.
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GBRs
Due to the down coast drift of beach sand toward SB, the inlet would naturally migrate ________. |
Due to the down coast drift of beach sand toward SB, the inlet would naturally migrate east with the sand.
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GBRs
The presence of the high stream-cut banks adjacent to the west side of the slough near UCSB suggests that ______ formed the bank and helped form a western outlet to the slough. |
The presence of the high stream-cut banks adjacent to the west side of the slough near UCSB suggests that vigorous stream erosion formed the bank and hleped form a western outlet to the slough.
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GBRs
What portion of Goleta Beach is known as an erosion hotspot? |
The west end of Goleta Beach; if left unprotected by rock reventments, it might become an inlet again
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GBRs
Most of the top few feet of material at the park today is the result of ________ dumped on top of the sand dunes and sand spit in the 1940s to help support the road across the barrier. |
GBRs
Most of the top few feet of material at the park today is the result of artificial fill material dumped on top of the sand dunes and sand spit in the 1940s to help support the road across the barrier |
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GBRs
No serious erosion problems were evident up until the ____, but in 1983, serious erosion was evident as a result of storms during the _____. |
No serious erosion problems were evident up until the 1980s, but in 1983, serious erosion was evident as a result of storms during the El Nino season.
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GBRs
What is an El Nino? |
During El Nino events the normal westward moving equatorial current reverses, bringing warmer water and storms to the west coast of South America, Mexico and southern California.
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GBRs
From the years 1997-98, what was credited with causing floods, landslides in the Eastern Pacific and droughts and fires in the western Pacific? |
1997-98 El Nino Season
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GBRs
Why would a beach be so wide in the past but become narrower today? |
Beach erosion reflects a balance between sediment supply and transport.
(if more sediment comes into a beach by long shore transport than is removed, then the beach will grow in both width and height) |
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GBRs
What controls the volume of sand that arrives at the coast and that moves along the shoreline? |
The principle origin of beach sand is from the streams and rivers flowing to the coastal environment.
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GBRs
Where is much of the natural sand that nourishes our beaches coming from? |
Small mountain streams located between Point Conception and the SB area
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GBRs
What is one reason why there may be less sand on our beaches? |
Is trapped in other locations such as reservoirs and dams.
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GBRs
Dr. Revell and Garry Griggs (UCSB Allumni) believe that _____ are significant factors influencing beach sediment supply and erosion potential. |
Believe that natural cycles, which influence the storm track and affect the wave direction relative to the direction the beach faces, are significant factors influencing beach sediment supply and erosion potential.
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GBRs
In result to concerns of buried utilites and the outhouse at the western end of the park might be exposed and damaged with further coastal erosion, the county built ____________. |
the county built a 1,000 foot-long temporary rock reventment as an emergency measure in 2000, but was later removed.
in 2002, a 600 ft-long reventment was re-constructed at the west end of the beach. In 2005, a 350 ft long emergency, temporary rock reventment with permits was put in place. |
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GBRs
From 2003-2004, sand was artifically brought to the beach as a beach nourishment experiment. Altogether, about how much in cubic yards of sand was placed on the beach? |
60,000 cubic yards of sand
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GBRs
For beach nourishment to be successful, what must be done? |
The sand size needs to match the natural sand. For instance, if the sand size is smaller than the native sand it may be quickly eroded from the beach.
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GBRs
For the workin group organized in 2003 to solve Goleta Beach erosion problems and work on a master plan for the beach park, the group became deeply divided over ______ and ______. |
The division resulted from different values: one group values the park facilities and "don't want to lose another blade of grass to erosion" and the other is willing to with with some erosion for the sake of a more natural coastal environment including a sand beach
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GBRs
For the 2003 group formed to work on a master plan for the beach park, what is suggested for them as well as other long-term management objectives to be achieved? |
With good science, creative planning, and the willingness of people to be flexible, long-term management objectives can be achieved.
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GBRs
What would happen to Goleta Beach if nothing was done about erosion? |
100 yrs from now there would still be a sand beach at Goleta Beach Park but just may be more to the north by a few feet, a few tens of feet, or even more than where it is today.
(Wherever the land meets the sea, a beach composed of whateer sediment is available will form) |
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GBRs
According to the reading, how much will sea level rise by the end of this century due to global warming? What are the two main factors of sea-level rise? |
at least 1.5 feet by the end of this century
- thermal expansion of water - glacier ice melt |
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GBRs
What is the issue with depending on engineering solutions for erosion problems? |
It can be very expensive, often sacrifices the beach, and has a mixed record of success
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GBRs
What is the minimum rise of sea level projected by the year 2100? What about beach retreat? |
2-3 feet of sea-level rise
(except low-lying areas will greater, including Goleta Beach) Beach retreat may be as much as 150 times the amount of rise. (Goleta beach may retreat 300-450ft by year 2100) |
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GBRs
What are 2 ways to manage erosion that we currently are using today? |
-beach nourishment (may need to keep happening where ever possible and financially feasible)
- defending coastlines with hard structures (but would be far too expensive to armor all coastlines. Sea walls and rock reventments should be minimized because they generally damage the beach they are designed to protect) |
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GBRs
What are three suggested solutions for Goleta Beach Park in terms of erosion processes and management? |
-Permeable Piles- A field of piles spaced sloswer together than the piles for the existing pier
- Managed Retreat- some hard defense (rock reventmnet) and the reconfiguration of utility pipes, restrooms and parking lots are included -Park Reconfiguration- recent suggestion not included in the EIR. Based on the study of the history of coastline since 1943 |
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GBRs
What are concerns with using Permeable Piles for Goleta Beach erosion problems? |
-whether it can work over the long term without causing erosion problems to the east
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GBRs
What are concerns with using Managed Retreat for Goleta Beach erosion problems? |
(Utility lines and restrooms moved landward, rock revetment removed and build a higher longer rock revetment at eastern end of park,and western end of parking lot transformed into new parkland)
- Most controversial aspect is the rock revetment which will help protect the development, but ultimately the beach will be drowned over time |
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GBRs
What are the concerns with using the Park Reconfiguration method for Goleta Beach erosion problems? |
- need to learn to live with predicted change.
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GBRs
What are three main things the Park Reconfiguration plan for Goleta Beach based on? |
1) Recognizing that within the last 70 yrs the beach has fluctuated in width about 450 ft
2) With the exception of the restaurant, park elements can be relocated outside of the coastal process zone 3) Future erosion damage is minimized, natural fluctuation of the sand beach environment occurs, natural beach width is optimized, and potential down coast erosion is avoided |
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Goleta Beach History
1938 and before |
1938 and before- was a sand spit with barrier beeach in front of a salt marsh
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Goleta Beach History
1940s |
Sand spit receives fill--foundation of park
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Goleta Beach History
1955 |
fire followed by El Nino storms 1969
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Goleta Beach History
1983 |
El Nino storms resulting in erosion that continues today
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Goleta Beach History
1993 |
El Nino storm, erosion
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Goleta Beach History
2000 |
County builds 1000ft long rock revetment as an emergency measure and removed later that year
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Goleta Beach History
2001 |
Beach erosion, 600ft long rock revetment built
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Goleta Beach History
2003 |
Beach nourishment experiment where about 60,000 yds of sand from SB harbor and local stream
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Goleta Beach History
2004 |
The Goleta Beach Working Group meeting to work on master plan
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Goleta Beach History
2005 |
Continued erosion, with nourishment and a rock revetment
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What are some hard and soft examples of solutions to beach erosion?
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hard- seawall, groin
soft- beach nourishment, land use |
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What occurs directly after a sea wall is in place? Several decades later?
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immediately- waves are now deflected; beach getting narrower; biodiversity is reduces; and steepening of offshore slope
decades later- very steep offshore slope; biodiversity is greatly reduced |
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How is Berm heigh determined? (Andy lecture)
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(q)swash - (q)excess T = change in Z
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From Andy's lecture, what were the major differences between current ground water usage and zero ground water usage?
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If current ground water usage was continued, the effect on closure time and estuary area would dramatically decrease in habitat area
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What are the major conclusions from Andy's lecture?
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-the breaching and closure processes can be effectively modeled using a hydrologic and geomorphic model
-current groundwater pumping decreases the number of days a lagoon remains open - increased groundwater pumping will further reduce estuary opening - estuary hypsometry, berm heigh, and wave run-up are important in controlling estuary opening -beach hydraulic conductivity, width, and swash deposition are not as important |
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In coastal regions, how are coastal zones suitable for building defined? non-suitable?
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E-10 zone
E-30 zone E-60 zone |
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What is the E-10 zone in a coastal region?
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E-10 zone defines an area that is of high hazards and no structures are allowed within.
It extends from the shoreline out until the first E-30 line |
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What is the E-30 and E-60 zones in a coastal region?
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E-30 zone along with the E-60 zone are both regions where park with playground is allowed and moveable structures allowed.
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What is an Estuarine Lagoon?
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when a river emerges into a lagoon
Most of the form is due to the sea |
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What is an estuary?
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when the lower courses of rivers are invaded by the sea
It may or may not be partly blocked by marine barriers |
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What is an estuarine delta?
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1) appreciable infilling of estuary
2) river bifurcates around the fill |
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What is a delta?
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very strong river action
progradation (many forms) |
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How do you determine wave power of a delta?
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LS/W
LS- shoreline length W- width of delta (the lower this number is the stronger the wave power) |
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What is the Mississippi river delta an example of and characteristics?
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It is a river dominated delta
has low slope, low wave power, and a high LS/W ratio little sand-lots of fines |
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Why have there been many forms to the Mississippi river delta system?
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each system formed when a major distributionary levee broke during flood
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What is the Nile River Delta and characteristics?
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Wave dominated (mostly) but some protrusions due to active river mouths
-moderate slope -moderate wave power -moderate river activity (Env. Prob.- Dam built 1964 leading to delta erosion and loss of nutrients) |
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What is the Sao Francisco River delta and characteristics?
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Wave dominated
-high slope -high wave power -low LS/W ration lots of sand-few fines |
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What is a macrotidal river dominated delta?
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depositional patterns strongly influenced by tidal processes
3 basic effects of strong tides: 1) tidal mixing-reduces buoyancy 2) causes bidirectional sediment transport 3) land-sea interface range is extended verticaly and horizontally |
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What are wetlands?
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areas that are inundated by water or where the land is saturated to a depth of a few cm for at least a few days per year
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What are the 3 major components used to determine the presence of wetlands?
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1) hydrology
2) type of vegetation 3) type of soil |
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What are the natural service functions of wetlands?
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-Coastal wetlands provide a buffer for inland areas from storms and high waves
-freshwater wetlands are a natural sponge for water--reducing flooding downstream to coast -freshwater wetlands can act as areas of groundwater recharge or discharge to coatal wetlands -wetlands are one of the primary nursery grounds for fish, shellfish, aquatic birds, and other animals -wetlands are natural filters that purify water - wetlands are often highly productive and are places where many nutrients and chemicals are naturally cycled -wetlands are an important storage site for organic carbon -wetlands are aesthetically pleasing to people |
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How are wetlands threatened?
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over the past 200 yrs over 50% of all wetlands have been lost due to being diked, drained, or filled
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What is considered the most modified bay estuary by humans?
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San Francisco Bay Estuary
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Reasons for loss of coastal wetlands?
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-urbanization
-agriculture -erosion -climate change -hurricanes/tsunamis |
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For freshwater marshes, what is the primary factor for their recovery?
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linked to availability of water at one site
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What is the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969?
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If wetlands are destroyed by development, they must be replaced elsewhere
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How can hurricanes be destructive?
(5 things) |
1) change a coast quickly
2) new inlets can form 3) cause massive beach erosion 4) overwash 5) flooding storm surge |
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What are important aspects of a hurricane?
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the eye, eye wall,, high-altitude winds, and rain bands
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What are the four steps of creating a tsunami?
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1) earthquake ruptures sea floor and pushes water upwards
2) Tsunami moves rapidly in deep ocean reaching speeds of up to 500km/hr 3) As the Tsunami nears land it slows to about 45km/hr but squeezed upwards, increasing in height 4)Tsunami heads inland destroying all in its path |
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What are the two types of Tsunamis?
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Distant Tsunami- more likely to be able to forecase if we have the equipment
Local Tsunami- most dangerous because of less time or lack of warming |
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What is an infarensic sound?
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a sound that makes humans feel queesy, nautious
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Do all big earthquakes produce tsunamis?
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-no
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What is a megathrust earthquake?
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a huge section of coastal land moves
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What causes deaths from a tsunami?
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the impact for debris in the waves
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How do Tsunamis cause fires?
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pipes can break and release gas
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How can we detect a tsunami?
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bottom pressure recorder- which can detect minute changes in water pressure
-then the communications buoy receives data from the ocean floor and relays to satelite |
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When a tsunami is occuring what are trees good for?
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they have the ability to absorb energy; help buffer the waves
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What is the biggest recorded Tsunami?
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one that his Alaska that was 1500 ft high. observed by 2 boats
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Where was the giant Tsunami of 1500ft?
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Lituya Bay Alaska of 1958
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What is the CA Tsunami warning?
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Tsunami run up areas are based off of good models to predict Tsunami run-up so we can determine areas to evacuate
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Santa Barbara is Tsunami ready. How so?
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is equiped with warnings, such as signs, and sirens
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Which area has a higher change of being hit by a tsunami: southern-North America, Mid-North America, or Northern North America?
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Northern-North America most likely
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What did Japan do in result to the Tsunami in March 2011?
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They shut down all their nuclear power plants which constitutes 30% of their energy
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Humans in general are prepared for disasters, but not ______.
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prepared for disasters but not catastrophies
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