Es Exam- Benthos

Front 1

Benthic Effect

Back 1

Interaction Between water and sediments

Front 2

Benthic Environment

Back 2

Biogeochemical Processes

Repository of Organic and Inorganic materials

Front 3

Benthic (Greek)

Back 3

Depths of the sea

Front 4

Benthos

Back 4

refers to bottom community

Front 5

infauna

Back 5

plants, animals and bacteria of any size that live in the sediment.

Front 6

epifauna

Back 6

plants, animals and bacteria that are attached to the bottom or subtrate; are capable of movement; or that live on teh sediment surface

Front 7

demersal

Back 7

bottom-feeding or bottom dwelling fish that food on teh benthic infauna and epifauna

Front 8

Benthic Organisms

Back 8

-Related by habitat, not phylogeny
-benthic communities have integrated functioning
-the processes of benthic organisms may be complementary or contradictory
-Release nutrients for primary production
-provide important human foods clams, oysters
-oxygenate sediments
-accumulate toxins

Front 9

Oysters

Back 9

-Classic epifaunal, estuarine animal
-Well suited to estuarine existence
-Variable turbidity
-Variable oxygen

Front 10

Crassostrea virginica

Back 10

also called eastern oyster

-from nova scotia to venezuela
-chesapeake is from native american word "great shellfish bay"

Front 11

Skipjacks

Back 11

Last commercial sailing vessel in the US

Front 12

Decline of Chesapeake Oyster

Back 12

-Dermo and MSX introduced in 1950s
-Clear evidence of demise before diseases
-Many believe that overharvest is the main cause of decline

Front 13

Disease problem needs to be resolved before C. virginica can recover

Back 13

-MSM and dermo prefer high salinities
-low salinity areas in N. Bay best locations for recovery efforts
-annual differences in rain can have a big impact on Oyster survival

Front 14

The Chesapeake Oyster: Tragedy of the Commons

Back 14

GARRET HARDIN
-The decline of common resources
-Management of a public resource for small group
-Highly controversial... watermen vs. aquaculture vs DNR

Front 15

Captain John Smith

Back 15

commented in journals that oyster reefs were a hazard to navigation

Front 16

The presence of middens

Back 16

indicate oysters were an important food for native americans

Front 17

Dilemma

Back 17

-Between overharvest and disease the Bay oyster population is <1% of historic levels
-This contributes to both economic and ecological problems
-The Bay was a benthic dominated system now its pelagic dominated
-C. virginica may not be adapted to the current Chesapeake
-Options: continue the "put and take" fishery or use aquaculture technology and leased bottom.

Front 18

Oyster reproduction

Back 18

-Oysters can switch gender
-Damaged oysters are usually male
-Oysters can be induced to tripoidy in hatcheries

Front 19

Hatchery Spawning of Oysters

Back 19

-Fatten at colder temperatures
-Increase temperatures to stimulate spawning
-Add stripped gametes to stimulate spawn
-transfew fertilized eggs to larval containers until ready for set.

Front 20

Algae Culture- Food for oysters

Back 20

-Diatoms, flagellates and LRGTs
-Up to 50% of the cost of a hatchery.

Front 21

Resistance to Oyster Aquaculture in the Chesapeake

Back 21

-Leasing Laws favor watermen
-Permits challenging
-Regarded as polluting activities
-aesthetic complaints

Front 22

Circle C oyster ranch

Back 22

-Rich Pelz=oyster biologist from Washington
-Use raft and upwelling system
-Uses a proprietary oyster the "lineback" from 40 years of breeding

Front 23

Exotic oyster have been suggested for being introduced to the bay

Back 23

C. gigas
C. ariakensis

Front 24

Oyster aquaculture

Back 24

Puget Sound has replaced chesapeake as premier oyster producer

Front 25

Puget sound had collapes previously

Back 25

due to overharvest of Olympia oyster

Front 26

Puget Sound oyster industry reestablished by

Back 26

-Use of nonindigenous species
-use of oyster aquaculture techniques
-private ownership of bottom

Front 27

benefits of exotic oyster introduction

Back 27

-restore fishery
-improve water quality
-reduce pressure on c. virginica
-reestablish oyster reef communities.

Front 28

Concerns with exotic oyster introduction

Back 28

-disease introduction
-food web effected.. pelagic dominated bay?
-competition and reproductive interference with c. virginica.