Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
163 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Who published De morbis artificum diatria?
|
Bernardo Ramazzini
|
|
|
Scientific discipline focused on comprehensively addressing the interaction of humans with all aspects of their enviornment.
|
Ergonomics
|
|
|
Father of scientific management?
|
Frederick Taylor
|
|
|
A desciple of Frederick Taylors, married to Lillian, and focused on management theory?
|
Frank Gilbreth
|
|
|
What is the acronym ANSI?
|
American National Standard Institute
|
|
|
Whay is the acronym NIOSH?
|
National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health
|
|
|
Another name for ergonomics?
|
Human factors
|
|
|
Name of motion analysis studies of skilled performance and fatigue?
|
Therblig's
|
|
|
What is the acronym for ISO?
|
International Organization for Standardization
|
|
|
Accountability is not to blame T or F ?
|
True
|
|
|
Ergonomics fits the task to the worker, not just to prevent injury, but also to prevent productivity T or F ?
|
True
|
|
|
Under the new ergonomic standard, OSHA provides ergonomics related guidlines for shipyards, poultry processing, meat packing plants, retail grocery store, and nursing homes?
|
False, there are no ergonomic standards
|
|
|
USD is the acronym for "user-centered design" T or F?
|
True
|
|
|
This couple conducted motion analysis studies that gave insight into the required movements and their associated times for a variety of common occupational actions.
|
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth
|
|
|
What changes were made to nuclear plant operations after the "Three Mile Island Accident"
|
-Emergency response
-Operator training -Human factors -Radiation protection |
|
|
What is the objective of the application of ergonomic principles to any enviornment?
|
To design the enviornment to be compatible with the need of the human users.
|
|
|
What are the three domains of ergonomic priciple?
|
1) Physical domain
2) Cognitive domain 3) Organizational domain |
|
|
What are some examples of physical domain?
|
-Postures
-Repetitive motions |
|
|
What are some examples of cognitive domain?
|
- Stress
- Training - Mental workload |
|
|
What are some examples of organizational domain?
|
-Communication
-Production |
|
|
Name the fields of study in ergonomics?
|
Physiology
Phsychology Biomechanics Physics Anthropometry General Engineering |
|
|
Four fundamental principles that taylor called for in order to increase prosperity for employers, and improved job satisfaction for employees?
|
1) Design a science of work to replace general
methods. 2) Select, train, teach & develop each worker. 3) Cooperate with workers 4) Have management assume responsibility |
|
|
What resources are provided by OSHA to facilitate the development of ergonomic programs throughout industry?
|
-Ergonomic related guidlines
-Electronic tools |
|
|
What document has been acknowledged worldwide as an authorative source for human factors requirements and design criteria?
|
Military document (MIL-STD-1472F)
|
|
|
These seperate the vertebrae allowing them to flex to enable movement in different directions "Shock absorption"
|
Intervertebral discs
|
|
|
Energy production with no oxygen
|
Anaerobic stress
|
|
|
Motion that imposed stress or strain on some of the body due to tasks repetitve nature.
|
Task-induced-stress
|
|
|
What is the acronym for COG?
|
Center of Gravity
|
|
|
Continuous loading that causes deformation of the discs as a result from loading above or below threshold.
|
Creep
|
|
|
Field of science where priciples of mechanics are applied to the study of living things
|
Biomechanics
|
|
|
Means constant muscle strength
|
Isometric/static
|
|
|
Means constant motion
|
Isokinematic/ Dynamic
|
|
|
Means to move constant masses (weight)
|
Isoinertially
|
|
|
Movement of the body
|
Kinematics
|
|
|
Muscles that are under the initial control of the human
|
Volunatary muscles
|
|
|
Muscles that are not directly controllable at will.
|
Involuntary muscles
|
|
|
Attach muscle to bone to transmit forces
|
Tendons
|
|
|
Connect bone-to-bone to provide the body with structual stability
|
Ligaments
|
|
|
Soft tissue that covers articulation surfaces
|
Cartilage
|
|
|
Areas of the body where catilage connects two or more bones
|
Joints
|
|
|
Chronic low back pain sufferers, in paticular, are at increased risk in tasks which involve repetitive lifting, carrying of weights in front of the body, leaning forward, or working with the trunk extended. T or F?
|
True
|
|
|
Any factors which reduce the strength of the body parts will increase the risk of injury
|
True
|
|
|
The biggest factor contributing to the compression at L5/S1 is the back muscle force needed to maintain posture T or F?
|
True
|
|
|
Biomechanical analysis can be applied only to the joints of the body T or F?
|
Truer
|
|
|
Pathological degeneration of the components of the human spine occurs with age in most people but is eminently feasible that this process of degeneration can be accelerated by work-imposed stress
|
True
|
|
|
Much biomechanical stress is unnecessary because it is postural and can be reduced by redesigning the task to improve the posture
|
True
|
|
|
The most important mechanical properties of bone are stiffness and strength. T or F?
|
True
|
|
|
Although dynamic work is preferrable to static, even dynamic muscular contractions over extended periods of time can result in fatique and a reduction in task performance. T or F ?
|
True
|
|
|
Injuries that can occur from extended or intense static work generally impact the soft tissues and spine T or F ?
|
True
|
|
|
Name and briefly describe the four regions of the human spine?
|
-Cervical C1-C7
-Thoracic T1-T12 -Lumbar L1-L5 -Sacrum & Cossyx are fused together |
|
|
Why do egronomics stress the importance of the hands, wrists, elbows, and trunk when tools and controls are operated or when loads are lifted?
|
Poor equipment design forces adoption for extreme joint positions , which may cause injury.
|
|
|
Describe the difference in dynamic muscular work and static muscular work?
|
-Static work is where a muscle remains contracted for a period of time but there is no movement;
-Dynamic work is where there is contraction and relaxation of a muscle which does result in movement |
|
|
What factors determine the amount of time an individual can sustain dynamic work?
|
-Intensity of work
-Level of fitness -Enviornmental factors |
|
|
What "conditions" may occur as result of extended, intense static work?
|
-Arthritis
-Soreness -Muscle spasms -IV disc troubles -Arthrosis symptoms |
|
|
What is the benefit of the "arch" configuration of the pelvis
|
-Holds compressive forces and equlibrium
-Helps spine and pelvis compression |
|
|
What happens when waste products are not removed due to prolonged static effort?
|
Pain and muscular fatigue when latic acids are not removed.
|
|
|
Give examples of tasks that involve static work
|
-Hoding heavy objects in arms
-Pushing and pulling heavy objects -Standing on one leg while other leg uses a pedal -Bending back either forward or sideways |
|
|
What is the significance of job design in regard to the development of muskuloskeletal disorders and cumaltive trauma disorders?
|
It can reduce the liklihood of premature muscle fatigue and ensure the productivity is not negatively impacted.
|
|
|
Literally means "measuring the human body"
|
Anthropometry
|
|
|
All members of a group or instances an invent have a specified feature
|
Population
|
|
|
In 1883 this person could distinguish individuals from one another by using anthropometry
|
Alphonso Bertillon
|
|
|
This person invented dermatoglyphics
|
Francis Galton
|
|
|
Provides a convienent means of describing the range of body dimensions to be accomodated
|
Standard deviation
|
|
|
Designing products, buildings, and exterior spaces to usuable by all people to the greatest extent possible
|
Universal Design
|
|
|
What does the acronym CAESAR?
|
Civilian American and European Surface Anthropometry Resource
|
|
|
Used for fitting small and large persons
|
Min-max strategy
|
|
|
Body size and proportion are very similar between different populations T or F ?
|
False
|
|
|
The goal of ergonomics is to fit the person to the job T or F ?
|
False
|
|
|
One of the ergonomists most important tasks is to predict and evaluate the nature of mismatches T or F
|
True
|
|
|
Anthropometric design principles should be applied in design for a large cross section of the population to promote physical comfort in the workplace T or F ?
|
True
|
|
|
The science of anthropometry deals with the measurement of size, mass, shape, and inertial properties of the human body T or F ?
|
True
|
|
|
Anthropometrics enables us to properly design equipment, processes, and product items, including system interfaces, to accomodate the user T or F ?
|
True
|
|
|
What are the factors that change in the body size of populations?
|
-Ethnics
-Ages -Gender -Genetics |
|
|
Today anthropometry is used in varirty of fields, which includes what professions ?
|
-Physical Therapy
-Engineering -Ergonomics -Anthropology |
|
|
What are the three primary factors that differeniate humans in measurement ?
|
1) Gender
2) Ethnicity 3) Age |
|
|
Describe static or structual anthropometry. Static demensions are related to and vary by what other factors?
|
Static anthropometry is focused on specific skeletal demensions when the body is not in motion.
|
|
|
Anthropometric data has many uses and can be applied ina variety of industries. Name some of these industries.
|
-Healthcare
-Engineering -Manufacturing |
|
|
Name the three anthropometric design principles
|
1) Designs for adjustable ranges
2) Design for extremes 3) Design for average workers |
|
|
What holds our bones together ?
|
Ligaments
|
|
|
It is best to use a short-handled tool, since you can confine the pressure from the handle to your palm T or F ?
|
False
|
|
|
For your arms to be in "neutral" position, what angle should they be in?
|
90°
|
|
|
To most easily turn a corner when you are carrying an object, first twist your torso around the corner, so that your feet will automatically follow T or F ?
|
True
|
|
|
The best way to hold an object you are lifting is to keep it away from your chest, so that your arms can absorb most of the strain T or F
|
False
|
|
|
You should sit as much as possible, since sitting is not a paticulary stressful position T or F
|
False
|
|
|
What is the most frequent repetive movement in the body?
|
Wrist movement
|
|
|
What where the 3 industries in the private sector with the highest number of cases?
|
1) Healthcare
2) Retail 3) Manufacturing |
|
|
Of all industries which one had the highest number of Incident Reports of all the sectors?
|
-Transportation
-Warehousing |
|
|
Which industries each had high IR's for cases requiring a full month or more away from when compared to all private industry
|
-Construction
-Warehousing |
|
|
In 2010, sprains, strains, and tears accounted for ______ of total injury and illness cases requiring days away from work in all ownerships?
|
40%
|
|
|
What 5 occupations had MSD case counts greater than 10,000?
|
1) Nurse aides
2) Laborers 3) Janitors 4) Truck Drivers 5) RN's |
|
|
For all industry what type of injury accounted for HALF of all MSD cases and required 7 days to recuperate?
|
Back injury
|
|
|
What type of injury was the most severe MSD cases?
|
Shoulder (21 days to recuperate)
|
|
|
Name the workers characteristics
|
- Age
- Gender - Race - Length of service |
|
|
Why is it important to address ergonomic issues in the workplace?
|
To optimize human performance, health, and safety
|
|
|
What is the acronym BLS?
|
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
|
|
|
What is a major component of Ergonomics?
|
Guidelines, to reduce and prevent workplace MSD's
|
|
|
What industriws has OSHA issued ergonomic guidlines for?
|
- Shipyards
- Poultry processing - Retail grocery - Nursing home |
|
|
What is the Ergonomic Enforcement Plan?
|
The approach that OSHA is taking to address ergonomic related injuries occuring in Americas Workplaces.
|
|
|
What is the General Duty Clause?
|
A clause from the OSH Act to cite hazards where no specific OSHA standard exists.
|
|
|
When OSHA uses the General Duty Clause to cite an employer, OSHA must demonstate that:
|
1) Employer failed to keep the workplace safe
2) The hazard caused or likely to cause death or serious harm 3) The hazard was recognized 4) A feasible solution exists |
|
|
What does the Geberal Duty Clause section
5(a)(1) ? |
To keep workplace free from recognized hazards
|
|
|
Adressing the interaction of humans with all aspects of their enviornment?
|
Ergonomics
|
|
|
What is the objective of the application of ergonomics?
|
To fit the task to the person
|
|
|
What are the 3 domains of Ergonomic dicipline?
|
1) Physical domain
2) Cognotive domain 3) Organizational domain |
|
|
Concerned with physiological, anatomical, anthropometric, & biomechanical processes.
(ex. postures, repetitive movements, MSD's) |
Physical Ergonomics
|
|
|
Concerned with mental processes (ex. stress, mental work load, decision making)
|
Cognitive Ergonomics
|
|
|
Concerned with sociotechnical systems
(ex. communication, team work, production) |
Organizational Ergonomics
|
|
|
What are the areas of ergonomic problems?
|
-Anthropometric
-Muskuloskeletal -Cardiovascular -Cognitive -Psychomotor |
|
|
Arise when there is demensional conflict between functional space and the human body (ex. reach distances, sitting eye height, joint angle)
|
Anthropometric problems in ergonomics
|
|
|
Arise when there is strain on the muscular and skeletal systems (ex. back injuries, muscle strain, muscle sprain)
|
Muskuloskeletal problems in ergonomics
|
|
|
Arise in tasks that place stress on the heart and circulatory systems (ex. fatique, dehydration, overexertion)
|
Cardiovascular problems in ergonomics
|
|
|
Arise when there is information overload or underload processing requirments
|
Psychomotor problems in ergonomics
|
|
|
Fitting the task to the worker?
|
Task-based approach
|
|
|
What are the primary areas of ergonomic applications?
|
-Physical aspects
-Cognitive aspects -Workplace designs -Physical enviornment factors -Job design & training -Organizational factors |
|
|
What are the contributing desciplines in ergonomics ?
|
-Physiology
-Psychology -Biomechanics -Physics -Anthropometry -Engineering |
|
|
Name some agencies that apply and research ergonomics
|
-NASA, OSHA, NIOSH
|
|
|
What are the general areas of study for ergonomic proffessionals?
|
Ind. Hygeine, Ind. Engineering, psychology, kinesiology, biomechanics
|
|
|
What is the acronym IEHF?
|
The Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors
|
|
|
What is OSHA's Mission?
|
To prevent work-related injuries, illnesses, and deaths
|
|
|
What is NIOSH Mission?
|
To generate new knowledge in the field of occupational safety and health and to transfer the knowledge into practice for the betterment of workers.
|
|
|
What does the OSH Act give OSHA the authority to do?
|
-Modify and Revoke standards
-Conduct inspection and investigations -Issue citations -Require employees to keep records -Restrain dangerous situations -Approve or reject state plans for programs under the Act |
|
|
Name other agencies that impact occupational safety legislation and guidelines?
|
- DoD - Militaru Standard (Mil-STD) 1472F, 1999
-EPA -Mining Enforcement Agency -ISO (ISO9000 series) |
|
|
What has the impact been since OSHA was created in 1971?
|
Deaths have been cut by 62% and injuries have declined by 42%.
|
|
|
What is ISO9000 series?
|
Its the International Organization for Standarization
|
|
|
What is acronym for UCD?
|
User-Centered Design -designing systems, products, and processes that are focused on the user
|
|
|
What are the 4 Catagories focused on OSHA Standards?
|
-Design standards
-Performance Staandards -Vertical Standards -Horizontal Standards |
|
|
What positions the close or directly below the line of gravity?
|
The curve of the spine
|
|
|
What supports the weight of the body parts and transmits the load to the legs via the hip joints?
|
The spine and pelvis
|
|
|
At what age do body changes brgin to occur?
|
30's - 40's
|
|
|
How does poor posture effect the spine?
|
Interfere with the nutritional supply to the discs and may accelerate the degeneration of the discs.
|
|
|
What is the pelvis?
|
A ring shaped structure made up of three bones
|
|
|
Can the pelvis be linked to an arch?
|
Yes
|
|
|
Can the pelvis be represented as part of a lever system, with the hip joint regarded as the fulcrum
|
Yes
|
|
|
Where does the line of gravity fall causing the pelvis to tilt backward?
|
Behind the center of the hip joint
|
|
|
Name some ergonomic risk factors for priority redesign?
|
-Repetitive heavy lifting
-Lifting, pulling, pushing of objects -Jobs with high physical demands |
|
|
Name some main risk factors for muskuloskeletal injury in the workplace
|
-Force
-Posture -Fatique -External factors |
|
|
What does biomechanical research investigate responses of the body to?
|
-Vibrations and impacts
-Functions and strain properties of the spinal column -Motion and strength characteristics |
|
|
Only what part of the body can biomechanical analysis be done?
|
Joints
|
|
|
Is the assessment of human body strength a biomechanical procedure
|
Yes
|
|
|
What laws are used when assessing human body strength ?
|
Newtons second and third laws
|
|
|
moves parts of the body and generates energy exerted on outside objects when one performs work.
|
Voluntary muscle strength
|
|
|
What is the only active muscle strength
|
Contraction
|
|
|
What are some biomechanical conditions that can be controlled?
|
-A direction of force
-Time of exertion -Position -Enviornmental condition |
|
|
Speed of object
|
Velocity
|
|
|
Is strength use mostly static or dynamic?
|
Dynamic
|
|
|
According to OSHA the #1 workplace problem is what?
|
Back injuries
|
|
|
Injuries compose ________ of works compensation claims.
|
One-third
|
|
|
Back injuries account for 1 of every _______ workplace injuries or illnesses
|
5
|
|
|
What are some major mechanical risk factors for low back disorders
|
-Heavy physical work
- Bending and twisting - Body vibration - And more |
|
|
What is the nuetral position for wrists and hand?
|
90°
|
|
|
Measuring of the human body?
|
Anthropometry
|
|
|
Provides a convienent means of describing the range of body demensions to be accomodated
|
Standard deviation
|
|
|
Why is it not suitable to design for the average person?
|
Because no one is average in many or all body demensions.
|
|
|
What are some types of workplace settings?
|
-Sitting work stations
-Standing work stations -Sit-stand work stations |
|
|
Used for fitting small and large persons
|
Min-max strategy
|
|
|
North Americas working population continues to change in what?
|
-Gender
-Age -Population |
|
|
What is the average lifespan increased by?
|
27yrs
|
|
|
North Americas population has increases _________ height and ________ weight per decade?
|
-1cm in height
-2.2 Ibs in weight |
|
|
A position in which the back is naturally curved, the head is held erect, the shoulders are relaxed, the upper arms are close to the sides of the body, and wrists are straight.
|
Nuetral position
|
|
|
Work material should be within reach of the operator T or F ?
|
True ( primary work area, secondary objects, infrequently used objects)
|
|
|
Clearance and accessibility of work may be issues in a manufacturing situation, they are usually more critical for who?
|
Maintenance workers
|
|
|
The maintenance worker should be ableto service the equipment without contracting ______, _______, or _______?
|
-Hot surfaces
-Sharp edges -Electric currents |
|
|
All members of a group or instances; a invent having a specified feature
|
Population
|
