Ergo Exam 2

Front 1

Define anthropometry.

Back 1

the science of measurement of body size.

Front 2

From what scientific field does anthropometry originate?

Back 2

Anthropology

Front 3

What is the largest factor in the variance in anthropometric data?

Back 3

Geographic Location

Front 4

What is the anatomical landmark at the point where the hip and femur meet?

Back 4

Trochanterion

Front 5

What is the anatomical landmark at the midpoint of the back of the knee?

Back 5

Popilteal

Front 6

Special Considerations for Measurements:
Slumped Standing/Sitting

Back 6

Deduct 5-10% from appropriate height measurements.

Front 7

Special Considerations for Measurements:
Relaxed Trunk

Back 7

Add 5-10% to trunk circumference and depths.

Front 8

Special Considerations for Measurements:
Wearing shoes

Back 8

Add approx 25 mm to standing and sitting heights; more for "high heels"

Front 9

Special Considerations for Measurements:
Wearing light clothing

Back 9

Add approx 5% to appropriate dimensions.

Front 10

Special Considerations for Measurements:
Wearing heavy clothing

Back 10

Add 15% to appropriate dimensions.

Front 11

Special Considerations for Measurement:
Extended Reaches

Back 11

Add 10% or more for strong motions of the trunk.

Front 12

Special Considerations for Measurement:
Use of hand tools

Back 12

Center of handle is at about 40% hand length, measured from the wrist.

Front 13

Special Considerations for Measurement:
Forward bent head (and neck) posture

Back 13

Ear-eye line close to horizontal

Front 14

Special considerations for Measurement:
Comfortable Seat Height

Back 14

Add or subtract up to 10% to or from popliteal height.

Front 15

Ten Types of Grip

Back 15

1. Digit Touch
2. Palm Touch
3. Finger Palmar Grip
4. Thumb-Fingertip Grip
5. Thumb-Finger Palmar Grip
6. Thumb-Forefinger Side Grip
7. Thumb-Two-Finger Grip
8. Thumb-Fingertips Enclosure
9. Finger-Palm Enclosure
10. Grasp

Front 16

How much error is expected in taking anthropometric measurements manually? (with experience) (error in the measurement itself)

Back 16

~3% measurement error.

Front 17

How much total error is expected in all anthropometric measurements?

Back 17

~8%

Front 18

Shortcomings of Using Classical Anthropometric Measurements (with a kit)

Back 18

-time consuming
-many body landmarks cannot be projected onto grids
- contact measurements cannot be taken on sensitive parts
- body dimensions unrelated to each other (not a 3d Picture)

Front 19

Modern Techniques of Anthropometry Measurements

Back 19

Photograph, laser, video

Laser: distance-measuring device to measure the shape of irregular bodies

Markers: be placed on points of surface so that the laser can recognize them

Front 20

Natural Sources of Variation in Anthropometry (not geographic location)

Back 20

-stature
-shape
-condition (ex. pregnancy)
-age

Front 21

Steps of Collecting Anthropometric Data

Back 21

1. Collect the Data
2. Calculate the statistics (mean, stddev, n)
3. Lookup Z-statistic (assume normal dist)

Front 22

Our stature depends on _______.

Back 22

Where our ancestors came from.

Front 23

What condition must be met in order for someone to be standing straight upright?

Back 23

-thumbs MUST be pointed outward

Front 24

What is dynamic anthropometry?

Back 24

-body data at work or to achieve a desired posture

Front 25

Design-
Worst Case
Average
Best Case

Back 25

Worst case- excludes few, high variability in use of the system

Average- includes 50%, moderate variability in use

Best Case- includes few (5%)
little variability in use

Front 26

Reach Envelopes

Back 26

We dont reach from the center of the body, so design to the middle knuckle.

Front 27

What country is the most homogeneous in anthro. data?

Back 27

China

Front 28

How does the body prefer to move?

Back 28

In smooth, fluid arcs. NOT IN STRAIGHT LINES.

Front 29

What happens at 83% arm length?

Back 29

you shift your shoulders and lean in to complete the reach to conteract the weight of your arm

Front 30

Movement in the abdomin requires 5X more muscle than arm movement, therefore...

Back 30

...work should be kept below 83% reach.

Front 31

At what position does a driver have the fastest reaction time in turns?

Back 31

Neutral Posture (90 deg elbow bend). Therefore, design car so driver can sit in this position.

Front 32

Biomechanics

Back 32

uses of laws of physics and engineering concepts to describe motion undergone by the various body segments and the forces acting on these body parts during normal activity

Front 33

Sometimes a few degrees away from neutral posture is the best design. Why?

Back 33

To Minimize fatigue.

Front 34

Occupational Biomechanics

Back 34

a science concerned with the mechanical behavior of musculoskeletal tissues when physical work is performed. (machine, tool, or just the environment)

Front 35

Design is 80% ____, 20% ____.

Back 35

80% science, 20% feel.

Front 36

Six factors of Occupational Biomechanics

Back 36

1. Kinesiological Methods
2. Biomechanical Modeling Methods
3. Anthropometic Methods
4. Mechanical Work Capacity Evaluation Methods
5. Bioinstrumentation Methods
6. Classification and Time Prediction Methods

Front 37

Epidemiological Support for Biomechanics

Back 37

- More than 20 million people in the United States have musculoskeletal impairments.
- The majority of the population is at some time affected by back pain.
- Musculoskeletal conditions rank second only to diseases of the circulatory system on total economic cost and are the primary cause of lost earnings and non-fatal illnesses
- Soft tissue injuries (back & motion) account for 39% - 50% of worker's compensation claims.
- Cost of motion-related injuries including insurance treatment and lost earnings is $27 billion annually.

Front 38

Why do women have a greater range of motion?

Back 38

Because women have less muscle mass.

Front 39

Factors Affecting Range of Motion

Back 39

1. Age
2. Gender
3. Anthropometric Dimensions
4. Multiple-joint muslce effect (ex, spine)

Front 40

Types of Biomechanical Models

Back 40

- Planar (2D) Static
- Three Dimensional Static
- Dynamic (2D)
- Special Purpose (foot slip, low back, wrist and hand- coefficient of friction added in for these)

Front 41

What body part is capable of every type of movement?

Back 41

Hand/Wrist

Front 42

Tension

Back 42

force applied over distance.
Units will be in lbs for our problems.

Front 43

Must bring things back to perpendicular to get true tension (use trig functions)

Back 43

.

Front 44

What is inter-rater reliability?

Back 44

compares the reliability/consistency of multiple observers

Front 45

Abdominal Fluid

Back 45

How to measure is unknown and highly variable. Abdominal Fluid assists the trunk while lifting.

Front 46

What occupations have the most injured workers?

Back 46

1. Professional Fisherman
2. Nurse (with most severity)
3. Professional Driver

Front 47

Nurse lifting patient

Back 47

3400N of stress placed on nurse's back. Nurse must lunge to raise patient up onto the toilet. Furthermore, duration of lift is increased due to pauses.

Front 48

Type of Control

Back 48

Administrative Controls (rules, hiring employees, programs, etc.)

Engineering controls (typically physical changes)

Front 49

Levels of Control

Back 49

1. Fail Safe- "low level", prevents nothing

2. Preventative- "mid level", guarding/limiting

3. Exclusionary- "high level", eliminate it

Front 50

Define Physiology

Back 50

The Study of the functions of the body parts, i.e. How the body parts work.

Front 51

Exercise Physiology (goal, target pop, environment)

Back 51

Goal: Maximize the physiological efficiency of the target population.

Target Population: fit, healthy, young, and motivated

Environment: Usually optimum or controlled

Front 52

Work Physiology (goal, target pop, environment)

Back 52

Goal: to ensure worker can perform task efficiently and safely within the envrionment

Target Population: all kinds of people

Environment: usually not optimal or controlled (noise, heat, etc.)

Front 53

How do we USE work physiology?

Back 53

To enhance efficiency- to monitor energy expenditure and avoid excess fatigue.

To ensure safety- do not push people beyond their physical limitations.

Front 54

How many calories (max) should be consumed per day when undergoing severe work?

Back 54

5500

Front 55

How many calories (max) should be consumed per day when performing heavy work?

Back 55

4500

Front 56

How many calories (max) should be consumed per day when performing moderately heavy work?

Back 56

4100

Front 57

How many calories (max) should be consumed per day when performing light work?

Back 57

3500

Front 58

What is the total number of leisure calories + basic metabolism calories?

Back 58

2500

Front 59

How many calories are for basic metabolism?

Back 59

1500

Front 60

What are the FIVE factors effecting physical performance?

Back 60

Somatic- sex, age, dimensions, health

Nature of Exercise- intensity, duration, rhythm, technique, position

Training/Adaptation

Psychic Factors- attitude, motivation

Environment- altitude, high gas pressure, heat, cold, noise, air pollution

Front 61

Two types of Fatigue

Back 61

Central- nerve related (often caused by vibration)
Peripheral- muscle related

Front 62

Effects of Aging

Back 62

- decline starts at about age 30
- progressive loss of muslce mass
- lost muscle tissue replaced by fat
- decrease in maximal strength
- diminishing of muscle reflexes

Front 63

MAC and heartrate are _____

Back 63

correlated

Front 64

What is MAC?

Back 64

Maximum Aerobic Capacity- the maximum metabolic rate (or oxygen uptake) that an individual can obtain while breathing air at sea level.
- usually requires blood sample
- can also evaluate with VO2

Front 65

What is MAC used for?

Back 65

- capacity and fitness measures of individual workers or groups of workers

- classification of workers

- task design

- worker placement and evaluation

MAC was used to develop gatorade.

Front 66

What method is used for Maximum MAC test?

Back 66

Bike Ergometer

Front 67

What method is used for Submaximal MAC test?

Back 67

Tread Mill

Front 68

Estimator/Heart Rate Test

Back 68

Step Test

Front 69

What are the criteria for MAC testing?

Back 69

- workload must involve large muscle groups

- workload must be measurable and reproducible

- test conditions must be reproducible

- test or workload must be tolerated by normal, healthy people

- mechanical skills needed to perform the workload must be uniform and common in tested population

Front 70

MAC: Maximal Test (Concept, how accomplished)

Back 70

Concept: Increase workload until VO2 "levels off"

How accomplished:
- estimate workload and "drop person on it"
- use gradual increases in workload

Comments:
- very accurate
- dangerous (pushes people to limit)
- Motivation dependent

Front 71

MAC: Submaximal Test (Concept, how accomplished)

Back 71

Concept:
establish an individual's MAC based on task performance at submaximal levels

How Accomplished:
- stress individuals at submaximal load
- record HR and VO2 for each load
- estimate MAC on basis of max age predicted heart rate

Comments:
- LESS ACCURATE THAN MAX
- LESS DANGEROUS THAN MAX

Front 72

PWC

Back 72

Percent Working Capacity- a measure of the effect of a task relative to an individual's maximum capacity

PWC = (Task VO2 / MAC) * 100%

Front 73

What is Maximal Heart Rate?

Back 73

Maximal HR = 220 - Age

Front 74

What is an acceptable range of resting pulse?

Back 74

65-85 bpm

Front 75

What should the heart rate be between at moderately heavy work?

Back 75

Not constantly > 120-150 bpm

Front 76

Heart Strain, Method 1

Back 76

Heart Strain = (Task HR / (220-Age)) * 100%

Should be <65%

Front 77

Heart Strain, Method 2

Back 77

Heart Strain = ((Task HR - Resting HR)/(220-Age-Resting HR)) * 100%

Should be <50%

Front 78

At what percent of MAC will workers self pace for 8 hours shifts?

Back 78

33-44%

Front 79

What is the common design criteria in terms of MAc and HR?

Back 79

Common task and design criteria is 33% of MAC with HR of 105-115 BPM.

Front 80

Ergonomics uses physiological responses to address both ____ and ____ issues.

Back 80

efficiency, safety

Front 81

Responses of the ____ and ____ systems are most accessible for evaluation.

Back 81

respiratory, cardiovascular

Front 82

____ ____ and ____ ____ are the most frequently used measures...but particularly ____ ____

Back 82

oxygen uptake, heart rate, heart rate

Front 83

____-____ ____ are used to practically achieve efficiency and safety goals.

Back 83

work-rest cycles

Front 84

MSD

Back 84

Musculoskeletal Disorders- occupational medicine Job-related injuries and disorders of the muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments, joints, cartilage, spinal disks

Front 85

Common MSDs

Back 85

Carpal Tunnel

Rotator Cuff

De Quervain's Disease- specialized case of tendosynovitis in the thumb

Trigger finger- specialized case of tendosynovitis in the fingers- related to De Quervain's- originally diagnosed from shooting guns- rebound of the trigger cuts into soft tissue.

Epicondylitis- "tennis elbow"

Tendinitis- tendons become locked due to sheath swelling

Raynaud's Syndrome- "white finger"- many who had trigger finger develop this

Herniated Spinal Disk

Thoracic Outlet- compression of nerves and blood vessels between the clavicle and 1st and 2nd ribs

DVT - pooling of the blood in the legs and feet from low level vibration- usually in people w/ high BMI

Ganglion- "bible thumber"- Ganglion cyst- in outer wrist

Front 86

General Elements of Job Analysis

Back 86

- Identify potential or existing problems
- Analyze job exposures and determine risk factors
- Evaluate risk factors in existing or proposed task

Front 87

Passive Surveillance

Back 87

-review of literature or work related injury information- OSHA logs, statistical reports, etc.
-provides good history of more serious and costly injuries...and associated economic cost

Front 88

Active Surveillance

Back 88

-active observation of work activity...e.g. safety audits, discomfort surveys, unsafe behavior checklists, etc.

-being "proactive"

- describes current concerns and behaviors...may provide indications before serious problems/injuries develop

Front 89

"Anticipative" Surveillance

Back 89

- prior to startup
- required when no job activities are planned...e.g. Review of literature, simulation, expert opinion, etc.

Front 90

What are some of the useful bio-mechanical tools?

Back 90

NIOSH Lifting Guides, Psychophysical Guides, RULA, REBA, OWAS, Michigan 2D/3D, ACGIH TLV's

Front 91

What does Michigan 2-D/3-D do?

Back 91

predicts stress on the lower back

Front 92

What does the ACGIH TLV do?

Back 92

set exposure limits for all chemicals

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygenists Threshold Limit

Front 93

What are the three phases of job analysis?

Back 93

1. Identification
2. Analysis
3. Evaluate

Front 94

What are three types of identification?

Back 94

1. Passive Surveillance
2. Active Surveillance
3. Anticipative Surveillance

Front 95

What does the analysis phase involve?

Back 95

-determining job attributes (aka risk factors) that could increase the probability of occurrence of the injuries of concern

-may use checklists, job surveys, videotape analysis

Front 96

What does the evaluate phase of job analysis entail?

Back 96

-performance of an in-depth risk factor evaluation to quantify risks associated with specific tasks

Front 97

What is the Delphi approach?

Back 97

method using expert operators to perform evaluations

Front 98

Ergonomic Stressors (good for any job)

Back 98

26.

A few examples:
-inadequate leg clearance
-forceful grasping, pressing, pinching objects
-bending or twisting of wrist
-twisting of back
-workings with arms and hands above shoulders

Front 99

How much of your body's weight is above the waist?

Back 99

60%

Front 100

What part of the body do nurses complain about the most?

Back 100

RH knee...pressed up against bed when turning patients/administering care

Front 101

Back Injury Statistics

Back 101

Back Injuries- nearly 20% of all injuries and illnesses in the workplace

Back Injuries- nearly 25% of the annual worker's compensation payments

Overexertion- most common cause of occupational injury, 31% of all injuries

Back- body part most frequently injured (22% of 1.7 million injuries)

Front 102

How much can a person lift safely?

Back 102

Threshold value is 51 lbs. Reduces for present conditions.

Front 103

Manual Material Handling Activities (6)

Back 103

- Lifting (while standing)
- Pulling
- Lowering
- Carrying
- Lifting (while sitting)
- Pushing

Front 104

MMH Guidelines

Back 104

Psychophysical (Lifting, Lowering, Pushing, Pulling, Carrying)

NIOSH (Lifting)

Job Stress Index (JSI) (Lifting)

Use at least two when evaluating

Front 105

What does NIOSH stand for? What do they do?

Back 105

National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health- research and make recommendations to OSHA.

Front 106

What factors affect MMH?

Back 106

- worker characteristics
- material/container characteristics
- task characteristics
- work practices

Front 107

Assumptions associated with NIOSH lifting guide

Back 107

- Smooth lifting
- moderate width objects (hand separation of less than 75cm)
- unrestricted lifting postures (no bracing of torso)
- good couplings (handholds are secure and show/floor slip potential is low)
- favorable temperature conditions

Front 108

NIOSH Variables

Back 108

W : Amount of weight being lifted

P: Posture while lifting

H: Horizontal location of load

V: Vertical location of hands when load is picked up

D: Distance load is moved up or down

A: Amount of twisting down when load is moved

F: How often load is moved

E: Environment (head, dust, etc.)

Front 109

How long is "long duration" when referring to the frequency multiplier (FM)?

Back 109

longer than four hours

Front 110

How long is "moderate duration" when referring to the frequency multiplier (FM)?

Back 110

1-4 hrs

Front 111

How long is "short duration" when referring to the frequency multiplier (FM)?

Back 111

<1hr

Front 112

What are the shortcomings of the NIOSH lifting guide?

Back 112

- no consideration for asymmetrical lifting
- no consideration of inertial forces
- no provision for push-pull activities

Front 113

What does RULA stand for?

Back 113

Rapid Upper Limb Assessment

Front 114

What does REBA stand for?

Back 114

Rapid Entire Body Assessment

Front 115

RULA (probably not on exam)

Back 115

- straight forward, minimal training
- not a validated tool
- quick survey method for ergo investigations
- focuses on neck, trunk, and upper limbs
- end result breaks job into 4 classes. Class IV is not acceptable

Front 116

REBA (probably not on exam)

Back 116

- used to animate load handling
- quick, systematic assessment of the complete body postural risks
- 144 posture combinations
- similar to RULA, but includes lower body too

Front 117

BORG Scales

Back 117

Perception Scale- 3 is Moderate, 10 is extremely strong. Job should be a 3, overall.