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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Kingdom Animalia Characteristics
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Multicellular
Eukaryotic Organism Motile Heterotrophic |
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Class Mammalia Characteristics
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Vertebrate
Air Breathing Females have Mammary Glands Sweat Glands Most have 3 Middle Ear Bones Has fur/hair Has brain neocortex |
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Neocortex
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Outer layer of the brain used for higher level thinking. Sensory Perception, motor command, spatial reasoning, concious though, language.
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4 Brain Lobes
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Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital
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Order Perissodactyla
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Odd-toed Ungulate.
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Ungulate
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Monogastric Herbivore
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Taxonomy of the horse
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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: perissodactyla Family: Equidae Genus: Equus |
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Equus asinus
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The true asses and donkeys of Northern Africa
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Equus burchelli
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The Plains Zebra of Africa. What people think of as the typical zebra.
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Equus caballus
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The true horse
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Equus greyvi
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Grevy's Zebra, the most horse-like Zebra
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Equus hemionus
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The desert-adapted Onagers (Asian Wild Ass) of Asia and the Mideast
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Equus przewalski
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The oldest living species of horse, discovered in remote Mongolia.
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Equus zebra
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The mountain zebra of South Africe.
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Eohippus
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1st Horse. Cocker Spaniel size. Paleocene epoch (54 million years old), Eocene epoch (50 million years old)
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Mesohippus
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Oligocene epoch (35 million years ago). German shepherd sized. Further evolved teeth. 3 toes on front feet, ended in little hooves with a pad between them. Extinct 7 million years ago.
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Merychippus
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Miocene epoch (20 million years ago). 35-42 inches high (10 1/2 hands) Herd animals. Fused leg bones. Complicated grinding teeth. Lateral toes shrank and no longer reached the ground. Main toe thickened and hardened. No pads, weight carried on enlarged single hoof on the central toe.
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Pliohippus
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1st single hooved horse. Lateral toes become splint bones. Pliocene epoch (5 million years ago).
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Last evolutionary stage of equus
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last 2 million years, from the present to the Pleistocene epoch. Equus went extinct in the Western Hemisphere about 8000 years ago.
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Fossils reveal four body morphologies
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Reduction in the number of toes
increase in the size of cheek teeth lengthening of the face increase in body size |
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Przewalski's Horse
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Equus Ferus przewalski. Oldest species of horse still in existence. Discovered in 1879 in the remote valleys of Mongolia. 12-14 hands, dun with dorsal stripe, short, upstanding mane, light muzzle, and dark legs. Feeds on tamarisk, feather grass, and the white roots of rhubarb.
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The Hunted Horse
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Early man hunted horses for food, driving the prey to its death.
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1st signs of domestication
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Steppes North of the Black Sea between 4000 and 3000 BC.
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Early Bits
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All metal bits introduced around 1500 BC.
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1st Use of Disciplined Militiary Mounts
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After 1000 BC. Before that, riders depicted as grooms or messangers. Unarmed and scantily clad.
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Scythians
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Nomadic horseman circa 800 BC. Archers who mastered the art of shooting backwards off a horse. 1st recorded geldings. Wealth measured in horses.
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Poseidan
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Created the horse per mythology
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Pegasus
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Wild winged horse tamed with a golden bridle by Bellerophon
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Centaur
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Half horse and half man
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Epona
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Ancient Gall goddess of horses, protected horses, stables, grooms, and carters.
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Unicorn
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Animal with the legs of a buck, the tail of a lion, the head and body of a horse, and a single horn in the middle of its fore head.
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Four Horseman of the Apocalypse
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Death, pestilence, destruction, famine
Or, White Horse: Evil/Righteousness Red Horse: War Black Horse; Famine Pale Horse: Death |
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Morrill Land Grant Act
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Required each state to set aside land for agricultural colleges.
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1st Land Grant School
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Rutgers
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1st Land Grant School Officially Under the Morrill Act
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Michigan, followed closely by Penn State
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1st Ivy League Land Grant
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Harvard
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