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9 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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why is it vital to have the seal between the soft pallet and larynx |
to avoid food aspiration/ to avoid any interference with the air way coming in via the nose |
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what are the general clinical signs of res problems |
asymtomatic / noise - may only be during exercise / exercise intolerence/ dysphagia - problems swallowing/ nasal reflux of food/ cough |
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in a normal horse is inspiration or expiration louder ? |
expiration |
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how are inspiration and expiration linked to the gallop/ canter and trot / walk |
gallop/ canter - inspiration when in flight and expiration when feet land. |
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pharyngeal lymphoid hypoplasia ( def., age of horse, cause, signs, diagnosis, treatments) |
def- lymph follicles proliferation on the dorsal and lateral pharynx.
age - young horses ( 2-3 yrs) may have larger follicles and these should regress by 4 yrs of age and this is considered normal for ALL horses.
cause- uncertain but some sugestions are immune reactions common in young animals as their immune system developes. or irritation eg dust
signs- most commonly asymtomatic/ reduced exercise tolerence/ during or right away after exercise will hear heavy raspy breathing/ longer res. recovery/ discharge from nose/ recent history of res disease.
diagnosis- endoscope only. ( 1-4 grade).
treatment- none work or have evidence that they work well or are effective. Most are viral so will not respond to Ab. so they will just get better in time. |
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Ary-epiglottic fold entrapment ( definition, cause, clinical sign, diagnosis, endoscopic finding, treatment) |
def- when the tip of the epigglottis is covered by the ary-epigglottic folds which are mucus membrane folds going from the sides of the epiglottis and the arytenoid cartilage. looks like they are wearing a slipper. May lead to ulcers due to pressure on the end of it eventually leading to loss of the blood supply , so treatment is needed.
cause- 2... a- congenital defects - esp hypoplasia esp in standardbreds. b- normal epiglottis but following an infection the ary-epiglottic folds swell.
clinical signs- variable. exercise tolerence poor esp if combinded with soft palate displacement/ res. noise/ coughing/ incidental.
(note may cause DDSP as the epiglottis is either smaller or have decreased function)
diagnosis- absence of the normal vasculature and scalloped shape. may only see at exercise as entrapment can be intermittent.
treatment- surgery. |
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recurrent laryngeal neuropathy aka laryngeal hemiplegia( incidence, def., cause, diagnosis and endoscopic findings, treatment) |
incidence - most common res. problem. Most show signs by the time they are 6.
def- atrophy of the intrinsic muscles of of the larynx due to damage of the recurrent laryngeal nerve which is a branch of the vagus. Usually on the left side. muscle cant hold arentinoid back.
cause- poorly understood. Inherited in many cases- every horse has a degree of this / nerve degeneration after viral infection of res./ perivascular injection causing inflammation eg bute/ G pouch disease/ toxicities - eg ragwort causing hepatic encephalopathy and is bilateral.
diagnosis- variably cant sustain exercise/ INSPIRATION noise at exercise which is a classical 'sawing wood noise'/ rule out other causes of poor performance/ palpate the larynx muscles to see if difference / ultrasound the extrinsic muscles/ endoscope at rest or during exercise is the best.
endoscope-not all may be seen........ 1st check symmetry. longer and thinner arytenoid cartilage/ shorter vocal cord as not under tention/may have kinked ary-epiglottic fold on affected side/ may be visible palatopharyngeal arch/ partial - total paralysis ( 4 )1= normal. may be dynamic i.e only really seen at exercise.
treatment - sugery to decrease res. noise and enlarge the airway. only necessary in performance horses. eg Ventriculectomy - to remove noise combined with removal of vocal cords called ventriculocordectomy! or to permently hold the larynx open using a tie back aka prostehetic laryngplasty = gold standard ( note not too far as may cause aspiration) usually all combined. but in a clydales will not do tie back.
or the new laryngeal pacemaker which will be the new gold standard !!
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dorsal displacement of the soft palate ( definition, cause, diagnosis, treatment) |
def. - permanent - secondary to neurological damage. Intermittent- at expiration - like getting winded!!
diagnosis- exercising endoscopy is gold sandard. specific noise ( 50%)- gurgling and choking at EXPIRATION / may only occur at high speed only / mostly young performance horses/ open mouth breathing and fluttering of the cheeks
treatments- many. if younger than 4 get fit- 6 weeks pasture rest with 2 weeks of bute- conservative managment eg toung tie. If older or dont respond then do tie foward opp. most ( 70% will get better without doing anything).
cause- many....50% of cases have concurrent lower airway disease- neuropathy caused by upper airway inflammation/other Concurrent disease (epiglottic entrapment)/Some horses will do this while unfit, with resolution as fitness increases/Hypoplastic or flaccid epiglottis/Primary Neurological disease |
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endoscope appearence ( axial deviation / arytenoid chondropathy) |
axial deviation ( hour glass appearence due to aryepiglottic fold moving in)
arytenoid chondropathy ( usually a granuloma which may look like laryngeal neuropathy )
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