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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cx of nasal passage disease
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obstruction to airflow
unilateral and nasal discharge possible facial disorientation a very fetid odor |
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What are common disease processes of the equine respiratory system?
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ethmoid hematoma
sinonasal cyst nasal tumors nasal inclusion cyst redundant alar fold |
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How is an ethmoid hematoma dx?
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endoscope
rads |
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Cx of an ethmoid hematoma
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Mild epistaxis (usually unilateral)
exercise intolerance (not typical) dyspnea |
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Tx options for ethmoid hematomas
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repeated formalin injections
surgical excision laser excision |
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How do sinonasal cysts extend into the nasal passage?
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nasomaxillary orifice
ethmoid turbinates |
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Cx of sinonasal cysts
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progressive airway obstruction
bony distortion nasal discharge |
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How do you dx sinonasal cysts
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endoscopy
rads biopsy |
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Tx options for sinonasal cysts
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removal of cystic lining by excision
formalin injection into cyst |
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What are two nasal tumors that are found in the horses?
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SCC
adenocarcinoma |
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Txs for nasal tumors
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radiation therapy
laser excision cisplatin injections (if accessible) formalin injections (careful! Can piss off tumor and make it worse) |
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Where are nasal inclusion cysts found?
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In the false nostril/alar fold
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What are nasal inclusion cysts usually filled with?
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mucoid material
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Tx for nasal inclusion cyst
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Complete surgical excision of cyst
formalin infusion |
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T or F
Surgical excision of nasal inclusion cysts is not usually curative |
false, it is!
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Why are redundant alar folds a problem?
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they flutter and cause airway interference
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In which two breeds are redundant alar folds more common?
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standardbred
saddlebreds |
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Tx for redundant alar folds
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surgical excision of the alar fold
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Name some diseases of the guttural pounches
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mycosis
empyema and chondroids tympany stylohyoid osteoarthropathy fractures and trauma |
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What is the pathology behind guttural pouch mycosis?
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fungal plaques that grow on the surface of the internal carotid or maxillary aa.
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Do fungal plaques occur more commonly on the internal carotid a. or the maxillary a.?
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internal carotid
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Do horses usually bleed out the first time they have guttural pouch mycosis?
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nope, they usually bleed out the second time it happens. Still life threatening though
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Cx of guttural pouch mycosis
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epistaxis
dyspnea dysphagia due to damaged CN in the region shock anemia CN deficits |
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Dx of guttural pouch mycosis
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endsoscope
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Tx for guttural pouch mycosis
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Supportive care (IV fluids if shocky)
Surgical ligation of affected vessels Balloon catheterization coil embolization conservative tx |
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Why is a balloon catheter used in guttural pouch mycosis
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prevents retrograde bleed from the circle of willis which provides collateral circulation to any of the major vessels in the horse
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When is conservative tx an appropriate choice?
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only if there is no epistaxis
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What are the conservative txs used for guttural pouch mycosis
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lufenuron
anti-fungals preventative ligation |
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What usually causes empyema and chondroids?
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infection of the guttural pouches, usually with strep equi
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Cx of empyema and chondroids
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unilateral or bilateral nasal discharge
swollen throatlatch region |
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Dx of empyema and chondroids
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endoscopy
rads US C&S CT |
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Medical tx options for txing empyema and chondroids
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saline/kpen/dilute betadine lavage of GP
multiple catheterizations indwelling catheters endoscopic snare for chondroids |
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What is the surgery done to tx empyema and chondroids?
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modified whitehouse approach
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What is guttural pouch tympany? (hint: it's not a windpipe)
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air accumulation within the guttural pouch
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Are older or younger horses usually affected by tympany?
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young foals
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Cx of guttural pouch tympany
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swelling in throatlatch area either unilateral or bilateral
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Dx of guttural pouch tympany
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cx
rads endoscopy |
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Tx for tympany
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surgical excision into pharyngeal opening of guttural pouch
laser surgery to create stoma between guttural pouches (only works if unilateral) |
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What is a progressive enlargement of the stylohoid bone called?
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stylohyoid osteoarthropathy
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Where does the stylohyoid bone attach?
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to the osseous bullae of petrous temporal bone
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fusion of the articulation of the stylohyoid bone leads to trauma to what to CNs?
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7 and 8
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Cx of stylohyoid osteoarthropathy
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head shaking
neurologic deficits nebulous behaviour changes |
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Dx of stylohyoid osteoarthropathy
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endoscopy of guttural pouch
rads CT |
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Txs for stylohyoid osteopathy
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ceratohyoid ostectomy
supportive care for neuro signs may need temporary tarsorrhaphy |
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A ceratohyoid ostectomy decreases motion at the ___________ bone
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petrous temporal bone
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