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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Principles of antimicrobial use
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-correct dose
-drug will reach the intended site -whether drug is -cidal or -static -drug will act on the likely pathogenic bacteria present |
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concentration dependent
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-high serum level = better uptake
-height of peak rather than time at MIC -post antibiotic effect |
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Time dependent
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-duration of time above MIC denotes the efficacy
>important to be administered in a timely regimen to maintain concentration above MIC |
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Time dependent antimicrobial groups
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-penicillin
-cephalosporin -potentiated sulphonamides -macrolides -tetracycline |
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Concentration dependent antimicrobial groups
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-aminoglycocides
-flouroquinolones -metronidozole |
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Absolutely contradicted with the use of alpha-2 agonists in horses
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TMPS IV administration
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Factors of apparent antimicrobial failure
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-depressed immune system
-poor owner compliance -foreign body/abcess -pharmicokinetic drug interactions -incorrect dose/administratino -incorrect diagnosis -incorrect drug choice -antimicrobial resistance |
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Major adverse effect of antibiotics seen in horses
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diarrhea and colitis
-- especially those given orally -- 5% death from adverse effects |
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TMPS
-Mechanism of action -Effect and range -Kinetics |
-inhibits folic acid
-synergistic = bactericidal - Gr +ve and -ve AEROBES - no pus -Time dependent |
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TMPS adverse effects
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- associated with IV dosing
- fatal dysrhythmia with alpha 2 agonists - urticaria - diarrhea - urine crystals |
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TMPS
- drug names - administration |
equitrim
norodine IV, IM, PO |
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Beta Lactams
-Mechanism of action -Effect and range -Kinetics |
- inhibits wall synthesis
- bacteriocidal - G +ve (-ve) Anaerobes - time ependent |
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Beta Lactams
-drug names -administration |
Na benzyl penicillin
- IV QID Procaine Penicillin - IM BID Benthazine penicillin - IM - Don't use: doesn't reach MIC |
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procaine penicillin adverse reactions
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inadvertent IV: extreme neuro
- excitement - ataxia - seizure hypersensitivity: urticaria, anaphylaxix |
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Na benzyl penicillin
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rapid IV injection
- mild colic - loose feces |
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Aminoglycocides
-Mechanism of action -Effect and range -Kinetics |
- inhibits protein synthesis
- enhanced by B-lactams - bactericidal - ++ Gr+ve - concentration dependent |
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aminoglycocide adverse effects
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nephrotoxicity
- especially with NSAIDs or dehydration ototoxicity muscle irritation |
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aminoglycocide
- drug names - administration |
gentamicin
- IV SID amikacin |
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Cephalosporins
-Mechanism of action -Effect and range -Kinetics |
- prevents cell wall synthesis
- bactericidal - G+ve and -ve - anaerobes - time dependent |
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Tetracyclines
-Mechanism of action -Effect and range -Kinetics |
- inhibit protein synthesis
- bacteriostatic - G+ve -ve - anaerobes - resistance - concentration and time dependent |
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Tetracyclines
-drug names -administration |
oxytetracycline
- IV Doxycycline - PO |
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Tetracyclines
adverse effects |
colitis
rapid IV - hypotension and collapse |
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Fluoroquinolones
-Mechanism of action -Effect and range -Kinetics |
- inhibit DNA gyrase
- bactericidal - Gr -ve, (+ve) - aerobes - concentration dependent |
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Fluoroquinolones
drug names administration |
enrofloxacin (baytril)
- IV, PO |
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Fluoroquinolones
adverse effects |
arthropathy in foals
oral ulcers when administered PO |
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macrolides
-Mechanism of action -Effect and range -Kinetics |
-
- bacteriostatic (-cidal at high doses) - very good G+ve (Rhodococcus) - Time/concentration dependent |
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macrolides
adverse effects |
DO NOT use in adult horses: COLITIS
hyperthermia with respiratory distress |
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macrolides
drug names administration |
erythromycin
clarithromycin azithromycin - PO |
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rifampin
-Mechanism of action -Effect and range -Kinetics |
- inhibits RNA polymerase
- bactericidal - Gr+ve - Anaerobes -synergistic with macrolides - always use with another drug b/c develop resistance quickly |
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Rifampin
drug names administration |
rifampin
- PO |
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Metronidazole
-Mechanism of action -Effect and range -Kinetics |
- breaks DNA
- bactericidal - +++Anaerobes - protozoa - Concentration dependent |
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Metronidazole
drug names administration |
metronidazole
PO, Per rectum, topical |
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Metronidazole
adverse effects |
anorexia
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methods of regional antimicrobial therapy
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- intra articular
- impregnated implant - IV regional perfusion - intraosseous |
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In what conditions are antimicrobials contraindicated
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strangles: if lymph nodes are swollen
solar abcess diarrhea viral infection |
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unlicensed in horses for consumption
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-doxycycline
-baytril -rifampin -macrolides -metronidazole |
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defined Active vaccine
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vaccine that induces an antigen specific immune response
- dead - live - antigen with or without adjuvant |
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define passive vaccination
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administration of preformed antibodies to bind antigen/toxin
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example passive vaccine
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tetanus antitoxin
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examples of active vaccine
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Equine influenza
tetanus herpes Equine viral enteritis West Nile |
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common round worms affecting horses
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cyathosomes (small strongyles)
large strongyles ascarids |
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targets of routine worming course
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redworms / strongyles (adults)
ascarids pinworm |
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targets of strategic worming course
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tapeworm
encysted redworm bots |
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routine fenbendazole effectiveness
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ascarids
strongyles / redworms pinworms |
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targeted fenbendazole effectiveness
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encysted cyathostome larvae
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routine pyrantel effectiveness
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ascarids
redworms pinworms |
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double dose pyrantel effectiveness
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tapeworm
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routine ivermectin effectiveness
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bot fly
lung worm |
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routine moxidectin effectiveness
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bots
encysted cyathostome larvae |
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define interval dosing for parasites
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specific drugs at regular time intervals throughout the year
- encourages resistance |
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define strategic dosing for parasites
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specific drugs given at specific times of the year to disrupt seasonal cycles
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define targeted dosing for parasites
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only treating horses with a proven worm burden
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fenbendazole mechanism
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disrupts metabolic activity
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macrocyclic lactones mechanism
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disrupts neuromuscular coordination allowing expulsion of parasite
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pyrantel mechanism
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disrupts neuromuscular coordination allowing expulsion of parasite
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what is the most common pathogenic worm of horses worldwide?
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cyathostomes
aka small strongyles |
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management strategies for control of parasites
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-avoid high stocking density or overgrazing
-avoid horses with high fecal egg counts -avoid presence of young horses -remove feces from pasture -alternate species grazing patterns |
