Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Castration Techniques
|
Open - standing
Closed - GA |
|
|
Contraindicatons for Standing Castration
|
Mature stallion > 4yrs old
History of inguinal hernia Cryptorchid Fractious Donkey |
|
|
Pre castration checks
|
Hernia?
2 testicles? |
|
|
Inguinal hernia - Foals
Tx |
Most self resolve and are not strangulating
manual reduction SID monitor for signs of incarceration • cold and clammy • colic or depressed • no longer reducible |
|
|
Inguinal hernia - stallion
Et |
post breeding
post exercise |
|
|
Inguinal hernia - stallion
Tx |
Usually non-reducible and strangulating
Sx +/- CLOSED castration |
|
|
Inguinal hernia - stallion
CS and Dx |
Severe colic
Scrotal swelling Cold clammy scrotum Rectal - feel gut entering inguinal Ultrasound - gut contents in scrotum |
|
|
Open technique
Pre Sx |
full history for scrotal hernia
Tetanus history • prophylactic vaccination Prophylactic antibiotics • clean contaminated procedure |
|
|
Open technique
Anaesthesia and analgesia |
IV sedation and analgesia
Local analgesia • infusion of skin • infusion of spermatic cord • direct injection into testes? |
|
|
Open technique
|
incise through scrotal skin, dartos, vaginal tunic
exteriorise with pressure dissection from scrotal ligament apply immasculator for 3-4 minutes • NUT TO NUT • remove testicle ligature if needed |
|
|
List of complications following castration
|
Hemorrhage
Infection Wound Oedema Evisceration |
|
|
When does hemorrhage become a concern after open castration?
|
No longer distinct, countable drops
a steady stream of blood |
|
|
Possible sources of hemorrhage after standing castration
|
incorrect emmasculator use
• put on the wrong way • inappropriate size • not held long enough • worn out instrument just unlucky |
|
|
Post castration hemorrhage
Tx |
re-sedate and clamp with artery forceps
• leave in place for 24 hours pack with gauze bandage • swabs get lost but can be used • predisposes to oedema/hematoma refer for laproscopy |
|
|
Closed castration
benefits |
can do on hernia
sterile wound • can leave ligatures for better hemostasis less likely to herniate or eviscerate full control over fractious animal |
|
|
Closed Castration
risks |
general anaesthetic
|
|
|
Closed castration technique
|
incise scrotal skin leaving vaginal tunic intact
externalise with pressure and blunt dissection place transfixing ligatures around spermatic cord • x2 at 2cm apart sever cord • 2 cm distal to last ligature allow cord to retract slowly checking for bleeding |
|
|
Post castration care
|
NSAIDs
Hand walking antibiotics? |
|
|
where can the bleeding stump be found in copiously hemorrhaging horse?
|
latero-rostrally through the inguinal canal
use artery forceps to locate and crush the vessel |
|
|
define funiculitis
|
scrotal infection
|
|
|
Post operative infection
|
common in standing procedures
|
|
|
Does cellulitis or abcessation have a better prognosis wrt post castration infection?
|
abcessation because the infection is contained
|
|
|
define champignon
|
Granulation tissue protruding from incision infected with Strep zooepidimicus
|
|
|
Champignon
Tx |
re open wound and evacuate tissue
• digitally • gentle curette and irrigation antibiotic cover - 3days penicillin |
|
|
Reducing likelyhood of post op infection
|
check the wound for blood clots
• remove digitally • lavage with dilute, lukewarm disinfectant solution |
|
|
define funiculitis
|
infection of the spermatic cord
|
|
|
define scirrhous
|
long term spermatic cord infection associated with staphylococcus infection
|
|
|
Scirrhous
Et |
Staphylococcus infection
related to non absorbable braided sutures |
|
|
Scirrhous
CS |
infection presents months-years after castration
very firm scrotal swelling • purulent draining tracts temporarily disappearing after antibiotic treatment |
|
|
Scirrhous
Tx |
dissection of the entire fibrous mass
excision of the entire infected cord • as deep into the inguinal canal as possible |
|
|
Post operative wound oedema
Et and Tx |
physiological response to surgery
gentle riding or hand walking post op NSAIDs recommended for older horses |
|
|
Evisceration
Et |
cannot happen after closed castration
most often just the omentum eviscerates can be intestine |
|
|
Evisceration
CS |
Omental
• red, clothlike or stringy structure Intestinal • obvious |
|
|
Evisceration Intestine
Tx |
• support with clean cloth
• replace in scrotum and suture shut • transport for emergency surgery • assess viability of gut before prelacing |
|
|
Differential list for 'stuff' hanging from castration wound
|
hematoma
dartos tunic omentum intestines |
|
|
Evisceration: omental
Tx |
• resect with emasculators under standing or GA
• allows omentum to plug the inguinal canal |
|
|
Hydrocoele
Et and CS |
fluid filled swelling of scrotum
may occur months to years post operatively non painful manually reducible |
|
|
Hydrocoele
Tx |
cosmetic problem only
Sx - resectio of vaginal tunic |
|
|
Stallion like behavior
Et |
learned behaviors NOT hormonal
(assuming not cryptorchid) |
|
|
Penile injury
Et |
Gross negligence with emasculator
|
|
|
Cryptorchidism
Et |
common disorder of ponies
unilateral castration |
|
|
Cryptorchid locations
|
most commonly retained in inguinal canal
• 'high flankers' • confirmed with ultrasound |
|
|
Cryptorchid
Tx |
surgical removal under GA
• occasionally relaxation under GA will allow the testicle to descend NEVER REMOVE JUST THE NORMAL TESTICLE |
