Eq Med Surg 2 - Final

Front 1

How long should you wait to fully assess the response of a horse to Allergen Specific Immunotherapy (ASIT)?

Back 1

~ 1 YEAR

May take as long as 9 months to see a response, and it is recommended to continue ASIT for at least a year to fully assess response.

Front 2

What is Atopic Dermatitis?

Back 2

An inherited predisposition to form sensitizing antibodies to environmental allergens

Front 3

True or False: It is common to have both atopy and insect hypersensitivity in the same horse.

Back 3

TRUE

Front 4

What other clinical signs have been associated with atopy in the horse?

Back 4

1) Laminitis
2) Head Tossing

Front 5

Equine Atopy has been associated with head tossing. What are other reported causes of head tossing?

Back 5

1) Middle ear disorders
2) Ear Mites
3) Guttural Pouch Mycosis
4) Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis
5) Vasomotor Rhinitis

Front 6

What are some treatment options for head tossing that have been reported as successful?

Back 6

- Immunotherapy
- Antimicrobials
- Glucocorticoids
- Antihistamines
- Fly Control
- Cyproheptadine

Front 7

What food allergies have been reported in horses?

Back 7

- Wheat
- Oats
- Concentrates
- Barley
- Bran
- Alfalfa
- Feed Supplements

Front 8

What are the most common signs of food allergies in horses?

Back 8

1) Pruritus
2) Urticaria

Front 9

What are the most common signs of Pemphigus foliaceus in horses?

Back 9

1) Edema
2) Crusting

Front 10

What is the treatment for Pemphigus foliates?

Back 10

- Prenisolone
- Dexamethasone
- Azathioprine
- Pentoxifylline

Front 11

When are most cases of dermatophytosis seen in horses?

Back 11

- Fall
- Winter

Front 12

What are the most common fungal species that cause dermatophytosis in horses?

Back 12

- Trichophyton (T. equinum var. equinum)
- Microsporum spp.

Front 13

How do you diagnose dermatophytosis in a horse?

Back 13

- Trichogram
- Fungal Culture
- Histopathology

Front 14

What topical therapies are available for horses with dermatophytosis?

Back 14

- Enilconazole
- Lime Sulfur 4%
- Povidone-Iodine 0.5%

Front 15

What systemic therapies are available to horses with dermatophytosis?

Back 15

- Griseofulvine
- Itraconazole

Front 16

What are some predisposing factors for dermatophilosis in the horse?

Back 16

- Excessive moisture
- Skin Trauma

Front 17

What is the pathogenesis of Dermatophilosis in the horse?

Back 17

- Dermatophilus congolensis organisms multiply in the epidermis and hair follicle
- Thick adherent crusts are formed and bacteria are shed into the environment through the desquamation process
- The bacteria can survive in the environment several years

Front 18

What is staphylococcal folliculitis also known as in the horse?

Back 18

- "Saddle Sores"
- "Summer Rash"

Front 19

What species of Staph. cause staphylococcal folliculitis in the horse?

Back 19

- Staph. pseudointermedius
- Staph. aureus
- Staph. hyicus

Front 20

True or False:

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection & colonization have not been documented in horses.

Back 20

FALSE

MRSA infection & colonization HAVE been documented in horses

Front 21

True or False:

There is evidence that MRSA can be transmitted between horses and humans.

Back 21

TRUE

Front 22

What is the most common allergic skin disease of horses?

Back 22

Insect Hypersensitivity (IH)

Front 23

Queensland itch, sweet itch, summer itch, summer sores, summer eczema, summer dermatitis, and summer mange are all names for what condition in horses?

Back 23

Insect Hypersensitivity (IH)

Front 24

What causes equine insect hypersensitivity?

Back 24

Hypersensitivity to the bites of:
- Culicoides (Gnats)
- Simulium (Black Flies)
- Stomoxys calcitrans (Stable Fly)
- Haematobia irritans (Horn Fly)

Front 25

True or False:

There is no evidence that suggests a familial predisposition for equine insect hypersensitivity.

Back 25

FALSE

Evidence STRONGLY SUGGESTS familial predisposition

Front 26

What allergens most likely cause insect hypersensitivity in horses?

Back 26

Salivary gland proteins of culicoides (gnats), simulium (black flies), stomoxys calcitrans (stable flies), or Haematobia irritans (horn flies).

Front 27

How does equine insect hypersensitivity manifest?

Back 27

1) Immediate - IgE induced
2) Delayed - Cell Mediated

Front 28

At what age do horses develop clinical signs of insect hypersensitivity?

Back 28

3-4 years of age

Front 29

At what time of day are signs of equine insect hypersensitivity worst?

Back 29

- Dusk
- Dawn

The favorite feeding times for most Culicoides species

Front 30

What three patterns are usually presented by horses with insect hypersensitivity?

Back 30

1) Dorsal Distribution
2) Ventral Distribution
3) Combination

Front 31

True or False:

Development of urticaria is uncommon with equine insect hypersensitivity.

Back 31

TRUE

Front 32

What secondary problems can arise with equine hypersensitivity?

Back 32

- Secondary Bacterial Infections
- Behavioral changes
- Weight Loss

Front 33

What diagnostics can be used to confirm a diagnosis of equine insect hypersensitivity?

Back 33

- IDT
- IgE-specific Serology

Front 34

True or False:

Intradermal testing with insect extracts is usually negative in horses with IH.

Back 34

FALSE

Intradermal testing with insect extracts is usually POSITIVE in horses with IH.

Front 35

How can equine insect hypersensitivity be clinically managed?

Back 35

1) Insect Control
2) Use of topical and systemic antipruritic agents
3) ASIT

Front 36

What insect control methods can be implemented to clinically manage equine insect hypersensitivity?

Back 36

1) Protective Housing, including small mesh screen
2) Time operated spray mist-insecticides
3) Powerful Fans
4) Avoidance or drainage of standing water
5) Use of blankets or hoods

Front 37

What "On-Animal" insect control may be utilized for equine insect hypersensitivity?

Back 37

- Permethrin 2% spray (am & pm)
- Skin-so-soft (bath oil diluted w/ equal parts water)
- Cattle ear tags impregnated with pyrethroids and braided into tail & mane
- Mineral oil on the hair of mane and tail

Front 38

First generation H-1 blockers used for equine insect hypersensitivity are contraindicated in what patients?

Back 38

Patients with:
- Glaucoma
- GI Atony

Front 39

True or False:

Antihistamines for the treatment of equine insect hypersensitivity are better at stopping clinical signs already present.

Back 39

FALSE

Antihistamines are better TO PREVENT clinical signs. Antihistamines block mediator release if present before allergen challenge at the appropriate concentration.

Front 40

True or False:

Antihistamine will not rapidly reduce severe pruritis and inflammation.

Back 40

TRUE

Front 41

What antihistamines are available for the treatment of equine insect hypersensitivity?

Back 41

FIRST GENERATION
- Hydroxyzine
- Chlorpheniramine
- Diphenydramine

SECOND GENERATION
- Cetirizine (Zyrtec)

Front 42

Approximately what percentage of horses can be clinically managed with allergen specific immunotherapy (ASIT)?

Back 42

~ 60%, but 50% without the use of other medications

Front 43

What are the "core" equine Vaccines?

Back 43

- Tetanus
- Eastern & Western Encephalitides
- West Nile Virus
- Rabies

Front 44

What are the "risk-based" equine vaccines?

Back 44

- Equine Herpes Virus
- Equine Influenza
- Potomac Horse Fever
- Strangles
- Botulism
- Equine Viral Arteritis
- Rotaviral Diarrhea
- Anthrax

Front 45

What horses are at risk for Tetanus?

Back 45

ALL horses

Clostridium tetani is a soil borne organism that causes severe disease in horses

Front 46

What type of vaccine is used for Tetanus in horses?

Back 46

Killed Toxoid

- Rapid & strong serologic response
- Circulating antibody effective at preventing disease
- At least 6 month duration of antibody titer

Front 47

What are the Tetanus vaccination recommendations for previously vaccinated adult horses?

Back 47

- Annually
- Booster if a wound or surgery occurs 6 months after annual vaccination after

Front 48

What are the Tetanus vaccination recommendations for unvaccinated horses?

Back 48

- 2 vaccines, 4-6 weeks apart
- Protective titers 14 days after 2nd vaccine
- Give antitoxin if exposure/risk before fully protected

Front 49

How are the Eastern/Western Equine Encephalidities transmitted?

Back 49

- Mosquitos
- Other biting insects from birds & rodents

Front 50

Can horses infect humans with Eastern or Western Equine Encephalitis?

Back 50

NO

Humans can be infected, BUT NOT from horses.

Front 51

What is the % mortality of Western Equine Encephalitis?

Back 51

50%

Front 52

What is the % mortality of Eastern Equine Encephalitis?

Back 52

90%

Front 53

What vaccine type is used for protection against Eastern & Western Equine Encephalitis?

Back 53

- Formalin inactivated, adjuvanted whole virus vaccine
- Produced as bivalent vaccines
- Produced in combination with Tetanus & others
- Demonstrates 100% protection in challenge studies

Front 54

What are the Eastern & Western Equine Encephalitis vaccination recommendations for horses?

Back 54

Unvaccinated Horses:
- 2 vaccines, 4-6 weeks apart

Vaccinated Horses:
- Annually (before vector season)

Front 55

What Flavivirus is transmitted to horses by mosquitoes from birds?

Back 55

West Nile Virus

Front 56

True or False:

Humans can be infected with West Nile Virus from horses.

Back 56

FALSE

Humans can be infected BUT NOT from horses.

Front 57

What is the mortality rate of West Nile virus in horses?

Back 57

33%

Front 58

What are the West Nile vaccines licensed for?

Back 58

- Prevention of viremia
- Prevention of viremia & clinical signs
- All vaccines 95% efficacious after challenge @ 28 days

Front 59

What vaccine types are available for West Nile Virus?

Back 59

Inactivated Whole Virus Vaccine
- 2 vaccinations initially 3-6 weeks apart, then annually
- Labeled for prevention of viremia

Recombinant Vector Vaccine
- Canary virus expresses WNV antigens
- Canary virus doesn't replicate in the horse
- Initially 2 vaccinations 3-6 weeks apart, then annually
- If horse has prior vaccination w/ other product, no initial 2 vaccination regimen needed

Modified Live Chimera Vaccine
- WNV antigens expressed by a flavivirus
- 1 initial vaccine, then annually

Front 60

What are the West Nile Virus recommendations for horses?

Back 60

- Prior to vector season
- If high risk area, biannually may be recommended

Front 61

True or False:

Rabies is a common disease in horses.

Back 61

FALSE

Rabies is a RARE disease in horses

Front 62

True or False:

Rabies is invariably fatal in horses.

Back 62

TRUE

Front 63

True or False:

Rabies is a significant public health concern.

Back 63

TRUE

Front 64

What animals may be at risk for contracting rabies?

Back 64

ALL animals may be at risk.

Front 65

What Rabies vaccines are available for horses?

Back 65

Inactivated tissue culture vaccines
- Safe
- Strong serologic response after one dose
- Challenge studies required for FDA approval but not available to public

Front 66

What are the Rabies vaccination recommendations for horses?

Back 66

Unvaccinated Adults
- Single dose initially then annually

Vaccinated Adults
- Annual

Front 67

What causes Rhinopneumonitis?

Back 67

Equine Herpes Virus 1 & 4

Front 68

Which Equine Herpes Virus can also cause abortion & myeloencephalitis?

Back 68

EHV 1

Front 69

How is Equine Herpes Virus spread?

Back 69

- Aerosilized respiratory secretions
- Direct or indirect contact with nasal secretions
- Aborted Materials

Front 70

True or False:

Equine Herpesviruses can exist as latent infections.

Back 70

TRUE

Front 71

What are the indications for vaccination against Equine Herpes Virus?

Back 71

- Prevent abortion
- Reduce signs & spread of respiratory disease
- Circulating antibodies DO NOT ensure protection from disease

Front 72

What vaccine types are available for Equine Herpes Virus?

Back 72

Inactivated >> Low & High Antigen
- High antigen load labeled to prevent abortion
- High antigen load may provide some cell-mediated immunity
- More expensive

Modified Live Vaccine
- May perform better than inactivated
-May reduce shedding
-Colic

Front 73

Which Equine Herpes Virus Vaccination prevents myeloencephalitis?

Back 73

NONE of them.

Front 74

What are the vaccination recommendations for Equine Herpes Virus?

Back 74

Initial 3-dose series, 4-6 weeks apart

Every 6-months for:
- Horses < 5 years of age
- Horses on breeding farms or in contact w/ pregnant mares
- Horses housed at facilites w/ frequent equine movement on & off the premises

> 2x/Year
- Performance or show horses in high risk areas, such as racetracks
- The increased frequency may be required as a criterion for entry to the facility

Broodmares
- Months 4, 7, 9 of pregnancy
- 30 days prior to foaling

Front 75

What disease is caused by an orthomyxovirus and is the most common respiratory virus of horses?

Back 75

Equine Influenza

Front 76

What factors are associated with an increased risk of a horse contracting Equine Influenza?

Back 76

Age
- Horses 1-5 years old are more susceptible
- Older horses are generally less susceptible to infection, but immunity can be overwhelmed in horses frequently exposed @ shows or similar athletic events

Serum [Influenza Virus-Specific Antibody]
- The importance of local mucosal protection is difficult to quantitate by methods currently available

Frequent Contact w/ Large Numbers of Horses

Front 77

What vaccine types are available for Equine Influenza?

Back 77

Inactivated

Modified Live Cold-Adapted Equine Influenza/A2
- Intranasal administration (IgA mediated immunity)
- Efficacious up to 12 months, only labeled for 6 months

Canary Pox Vector
- 6 month duration

Front 78

What are the vaccination recommendations for Equine Influenza?

Back 78

Unvaccinated
- 1 initial dose of MLV or 3 doses of others 4-6 weeks apart

Previously Vaccinated
- Every 6 months in at risk horses

Front 79

What is the pathogen that causes Potomic Horse Fever?

Back 79

Neorickettsia risticii

Front 80

How is Potomic Horse Fever transmitted?

Back 80

Transmitted by ingestion of infected snails, slugs or aquatic insects.

Front 81

What vaccine types are available for Potomic Horse Fever?

Back 81

- Killed
- Combination with Rabies Vaccination

Front 82

What are the vaccine recommendations for Potomic Horse Fever?

Back 82

Unvaccinated
- Initially 2 dose series, 3-4 weeks apart

Previously V