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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
circumference of earth
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40000 km
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radius of earth
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6400 km
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latitude
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-90 (S) to 90 (N)
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longitude
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-180 (W) to 180 (E)
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1 degree of latitude
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110 km
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1 degree of longitude
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varies with latitude
110*cos(latitude) km |
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water flux
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rate of transfer between reservoirs
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residence time
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(amount in reservoir)/(sum of rates of input)
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ocean water residence time
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3200 years
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length of presence of ocean water
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4 billion years
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residence time of water in atmosphere
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10 days
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time it takes for ocean water to circulate completely
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1500 years
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time it takes for ocean to circulate through cracks in rocks at mid ocean ridge
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1 million years
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molecular properties of water
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strong dipole
bent shape |
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why molecular properties of water important
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strong hydrogen bonding
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water's melting and boiling points
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abnormally high
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water's heat capacity
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highest of any liquid except ammonia
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water's heat of vaporization
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one of the highest
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radiative
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strong uv and ir absorption
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water's solvent properties
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excellent
facilitates life |
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calorie
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heat required to raise 1g of water by 1 degree c
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condensation of water
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releases huge amounts of energy
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most abundant seawater ions
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Cl-, Na+, Mg(2+), SO4(2-)
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freezing point of ocean water
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-2 degrees c
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seawater density
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determined by temperature and salinity
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thermocline
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depth zone where temperature or potential temperature change strongly
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bottom of thermocline
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depth where temperature is 5 degrees c
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halocline
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zone of strong change in salinity
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if high salinity overlies low salinity
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density stratification of ocean reduced
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pycnocline
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depth zone where density changes strongly
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potential density
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salinity and potential temperature
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continental shelves
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similar features as land
gentle slopes shallow exposed during ice age |
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continental slopes
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still part of continent
not as steep as look |
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continental rise
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sediment apron on ocean floor
width varies from 100-1000 km |
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deep ocean basin
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abyssal plains
abyssal hills |
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abyssal plains
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flat, sediment-covered sea floor
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abyssal hills
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rocky protrusions from sediment
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alvin
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1964
first deep sea submersible |
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bathymetry
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study and mapping of seafloor contours and variations of water depth
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alfred wegener
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1912
continental drift pangaea |
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oceanic crust generated
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mid-ocean ridge
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oceanic crust destroyed
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subduction zones
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geodynamo
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outer core of iron
90% of earth's magnetic field |
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divergent plate boundary
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new ocean basin formed
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transform plate boundary
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plates slide laterally past each other
crust neither produced nor destroyed |
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convergent plate boundary
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lithospheric plates collide
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oceanic-continental convergent plate boundary
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oceanic plate denser and sinks underneath continental crust
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oceanic-oceanic convergent plate boundary
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denser one sinks
creates volcanic arcs |
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trenches
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arc-shaped depressions in the ocean floor caused by the subduction of a converging ocean plate
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continental-continental convergent plate boundary
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continental crust too buoyant to be subducted
creates mountains |
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earthquakes occur in oceanic-oceanic boundary
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on the side where subduction is happening
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hotspot
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fixed site of upwelling material
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seamounts
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volcanoes on ocean floor that do not reach above sea level
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guyots
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flat-topped seamounts
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solar heating of earth
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varies with latitude
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how energy transferred polewards
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atmospheric circulation
ocean currents |
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hotspot
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fixed site of upwelling material
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seamounts
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volcanoes on ocean floor that do not reach above sea level
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guyots
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flat-topped seamounts
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solar heating of earth
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varies with latitude
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how energy transferred polewards
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atmospheric circulation
ocean currents |
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coriolis in southern hemisphere
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left
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why coriolis
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conservation of angular momentum
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angular momentum L
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(mass)*(velocity)*(radius)
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westerb currents
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narrow fast deep
gulf stream kuroshio great heat transporters |
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eastern currents
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wide slow shallow
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upwelling and divergence of h20
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caused by eckman transports
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eckman transport in subtropic gyres
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zones of convergence
downwelling |
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where gyres are
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n atlantic
s atlantic n pacific s pacific |