Eppp Social Psychology

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Primary Effect

Back 1

Being influenced by information we obtain early on in the interaction. FIRST IMPRESSION.

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Impression Formation

Back 2

How we form opinions of others.

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False Consensus Bias

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Overestimating the degree others have similar beliefs as our own.

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Central Traits

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Characteristics that have a great impact on others impression formation. Ex: Warm vs Cold.

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Schemata

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Our personal framework (influenced by past learning) used to judge or interpet circumstances.

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Illusory Correlation

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The belief that 2 things are corr when they are not. Ex: All politicians are dishonest.

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Pseudopatient Study

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Rosenhan's (1973) inpatient study illustrating that SOCIAL CONTEXT influences impression formation.

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Attribution

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Inferring the cause of a behavior.

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Attribution Dimensions

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1. Disposition vs Situational
2. Stable vs Unstable
3. Specific vs Global

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Fundamental Attribution Bias

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Overestimate the role of dispositional factors and underestimate the role of situational factors. Ex: He's an asshole, rather than upset for being cutoff in traffic.

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Actor-Observer Effect

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In casual observations, the tendency for an observer to overestimate the effects of dispositional factors when making attributions about an actor's behavior but to overestimate the effects of situational factors when making self-attributions. Ex: "I was mad b/c of the situation" vs "He's mad b/c he's an ass"

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Self-Serving Bias

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Tendency to blame external factors.

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Learned Helplessness

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Attribute failures to internal, stable, and global factors.

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Affiliation

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An innate motive that contributes to the initiation and maintence of interpersonal relationships.

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Anxiety in Affiliation

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Misery loves miserable company Ex: High-shock group wanted to be with other high-shockers.

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Gender in Affiliation

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Women talk more, are more likely to talk to the same sex, and affiliate more than males in public places. Female relationships depend on verbal communication and self-disclosure and male relationships depend on activities.

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Attraction

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Tendency to like competent & intelligent individuals who make small blunders (are human like us).

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Gain-Loss in Attraction

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When sb initially dislikes us and then gradually likes us.

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Socail Exchange Theory

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Likely to stay in relationships when the reward exceeds the cost. Dosen't hold with family and close friends.

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Equity Theory

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Perception of equal reward/cost ratios. Under/over-benefiting = leaving a relationship.

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Emotion-In-Relationship Model

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A model of emotion in relationships that proposes that there is an innate mechanism that generates emotion in response to unexpected events that disrupt ongoing sequences of behavior.

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Self-Perception Theory

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People id their own internal states by observing their external behaviors and/or the context in which those behaviors occur.

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Schachter & Singer's Epinephrine Studies

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Research on the perception of emotion that showed that there are no psycholological diff b/t emotions and that the perception of emotion depends on a combination of psysiological arousal and a cognitive label for that arousal.

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Overjustification Hypothesis

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When an external reward is given to a person for performing an intinsically rewarding activity their intrinsic interest decreases.

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Social Comparison Theory

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Individuals use other (usually similar) people as sources of comparison to evaluate their own attitudes and behaviors.

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Self-Verification Theory

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Predicts that people prefer accurate information (i.e., information that is congruent with one's self-eval).

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Self-Monitoring

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Need and ability to manage the impression that others have on them. High="public self." Low="private self."

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Autokenetic Effect (Sherif; 1935)

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A perceptual phenomenon in which a stationary point of light appears to move in a darkened room. In a group, S's conformed to confederates opinions.

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Obedience to Authority (Milgram)

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Contriversial research which evaluated participants' willingness to obey a high-status individual even when doing so seemed to harm another person.

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Bases of Social Power

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1. Coercive
2. Reward
3. Expert*
4. Referent* - target likes the agent.
5. Legitmate authority
6. Informational

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3 Effects of Social Influence

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1. Compliance - Surface change.
2. Identification - when the person changes their behavior b/c they want to be id w/ that person.
3. Internalization - Changes behavior b/c of internally believing the other.

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Minority Influence

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Research that shows that a minority can influence the majority by maintaining a consistent (but not dogmatic) position.

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Psychological Reactance

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The tendency to resist being influenced or manipulated by others, usually by doing the opposite of what is desired or expected.

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Attitudes

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1. Affective (evaluative) liking of a person or situation.
2. Cognitive beliefs about a p or s.
3. Behavioral (Conative) or behavioral tendencies.

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Theory of Planned Behavior

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Attitudes are accurate predictors when the attitude measure assesses all 3 components of behavioral intention.

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Characteristics of the Communicator

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Research on attitude change has confirmed that credible communicators are more persuasive. One factor that contributes to credibility is trustworthiness.

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Characteristics of the Communication

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Several characteristics of a communication affect its persuasiveness - e.g., the level of discrepancy b/t the positions of the recipient and the message, the order in which the two sides of an argument are presented (primacy/recency effects), and whether the messege is intentionally delivered or is overheard.

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Characteristics of the Audience

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People of low IQ, low/high self-esteem and those in teens to early 20's are more easily persuaded.

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Cognitive Dissonance Theory

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Festinger's theory of attitude change that proposes that inconsistencies in cognitions produce discomfort (dissonance), which motivates that individual to reduce the dissonance by changing their cognitions. We hate ambiguity.

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Elaboration Likelihood Model

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The ELM is a cognitive theory of attitude change that distinguishes between two information processing routes - central and peripheral. Reliance on the central route requires greater mental effort and produces longer-lasting attitude change.

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Social Judgement Theory

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A theory of attitude change that predicts that we have 3 "categories of judgement" by which we evaluate persuasive messages:
1. Latitude of acceptance
2. Latitude of non-commitment
3. Latitude of rejection
We are most likely to be persuaded when the message is within our latidute of acceptance.

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Attitude Inoculation

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A method of reducing the effectiveness of a persuasive message that is based on the medical model; involves giving the recipient of the message arguments against their own posistion and weak counterarguments (refutations against those arguments). Inoculation has been found to be a particularly effective method for reducing persuasibility.

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Aggression

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Any form of behavior directed toward the goal of harming or injuring another living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment.

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Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

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Aggression is the consequence of frustration. Revised version predicts that frustration leads to aggression in the presence of aggressive cues.

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Social Learning Theory

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Bandura's Bobo doll studies. Learning occurs as the result of observing the behavior of a model (monkey see, monkey do); used to explain the acquisition of aggressive behaviors (e.g., effects of media violence, porn violence).

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Deindividuation Model

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Zombardo's research that we have a greater tendency to act aggressively when we do so anonymously.

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Social Roles (Prison Study)

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Zombardo's prison simulation illustrating that we take on assigned roles.

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Catharsis Hypothesis

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Acting aggressive "get it out of your system." Not supported by research very well.

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Threat of Retaliation

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This threat often reduces aggressiveness, especially if the person is of high status or power, but if they provoke...

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Prejudice

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An attitude that consists of an affective component (prejudice), a cognitive component (stereotypes), and a behavioral component (discrimination).

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Symbolic (Modern) Racism

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A theory about current, less blatant forms of racism that reflect a combination of anti-African-American attitudes, strong support for traditional American values (e.g., the work ethic) and a belief that African-Americans violate those values.

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Heterosexism

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(Herk) "An idiological system that denies, denigrates, and stigmatizes among nonheterosexual forms of behavior, id, relationships, or community."

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Sexual Prejudice

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(Herk) "negative attitudes based on sexual orientatin, whether the target is homosexual, bisexual, or heterosexual."

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Contact Hypothesis

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Prejudice may be reduces via contact with the minority if:
1. Member are = status/power.
2. Provided w/ opportunities to discount stereotypes.
3. Sanctioned by law.
4. Achieve mutual goal.

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Robber's Cave Study

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(Sherif et al) The most effective way to reduce intergroup hostility is having the members of the groups cooperate to achieve a mutual (superordinate) goal.

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Superordinate Goals

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Can be achieved only when individuals or members of diff groups work together cooperatively thus reducing intergoup conflict.

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Jigsaw Method

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Method of learning when each member is responsible for learning and teaching a part of the project. When diversifying ethnic groups, relations, cooperation, self-esteem, and academic performance improves.

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Bystander Apathy

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The tendency of people not to intervene in emergency situations when others are present. 3 Factors:
1. Social Comparison
2. Evaluation Apprehension
3. Diffusion of Responsibility

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Field Theory

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(Lewin) Human behavior is always a function of the person and the physical and social environment. B=f(P,E)

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Motivational Conflicts

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(Lewin)
1. Approach-Approach
2. Avoidance-Avoidance
3. Approach-Avoidance

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Zeigarnik Effect

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The tendency to remember interrupted and unfinished tasks better than completed ones.

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Effects of Crowding

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Crowded cnditions tend to enhance positive experiences and increase the unpleasantness of negative experiences. Males seem to be more stressed by crowded conditions than females and are more likely to react with increased aggressiveness. Need for personal space.