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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Group Polarization |
tendency of people to be more extreme in their beliefs when part of a group of likeminded people
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James-Lange Theory of Emotion
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we infer our emotions from our behaviors
emotions follow muscular & visceral reactions to stimuli |
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Acculturation Modes
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JW Berry
MARGINALIZATION: person does not identify with own or dominant culture INTEGRATION: person maintains own culture & incorporates dominant culture ASSIMILATION: person accepts majority culture, not own SEPARATION: person withdraws from dominant culture, accepts their own |
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Enculturation
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JW Berry
acquisition of qualities needed to function as a member of one's group 3 types of transmission: vertical (from parents) horizontal (from peers) oblique (from other adults & societal organizations) |
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Coercive Power
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French & Raven, 1959, types of social power
influencing the behavior of another by controlling punishments |
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Referent Power
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French & Raven, 1959, types of social power
power we give to someone because we like them or view them as a role model, also refers to a group's ability to control the behaviors of its members because of their desire to identify with the group |
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_______ is a major factor in social influenceability
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Eagly
social status |
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Legitimate Power
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French & Raven, 1959, types of social power
emphasizes position of power & another's obligation to comply |
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Expert Power
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French & Raven, 1959, types of social power
emphasizes superior knowledge or expertise |
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Loss Aversion Model
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Kahneman & Tversky
people's decisions are more affected by desire to avoid loss than by desire to make gains this bias can result in making decisions that are not objectively best |
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High Context Cultures
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emphasis on nonverbal communication, the situation, & meanings shared by group members
e.g., Mexican, African American mainstream white culture is low context, focus is on what is explicitly verbalized |
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Code Switching
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aka, language switching
shifts between languages during a conversation can serve several functions: to express oneself better or to express solidarity with one's cultural group |
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% of teens reporting condom use at last intercourse
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60%
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Self Perception Theory
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individuals make attributions about their attitudes & behaviors based on observations of their behaviors & other external cues
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McGuire's Theory of Inoculation
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model: pre exposure to a weaked form of a virus creates resistance to it
a weak counterargument produces more resistance to persuasion than hearing support for one's position |
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Reactance
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tendency of people to do the opposite of what they are asked to do, especially when they feel their personal freedom is being threatened
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Cognitive Dissonance Theory
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Festinger, 1957
people change their attitudes to reduce aversive arousal they experience when they become aware of inconsistency in their cognitions occurs especially when a person has a certain attitude & behaves as if they had the opposite |
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Autoplastic
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reacting to stress by blaming oneself or trying to change oneself
used by neurotic people, according to some theorists |
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Alloplastic
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reacting to stress by blaming external environment or trying to change it
thought to be more common in people with personality disorders |
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Cultural/Racial Identity Development Model
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Sue & Sue, 1993, 5 stages:
CONFORMITY: preference for dominant culture DISSONANCE: questioning dominant attitudes RESISTANCE/IMMERSION: commitment to minority culture INTROSPECTION: recognize positive aspects of majority culture INTEGRATIVE AWARENESS: multicultural perspective Each stage in this model is characterized by a different combination of attitudes toward one's own minority group, other minority groups, and the majority (dominant) group |
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Asch's Study of Conformity
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conformity peaked with a group size of 7 people who were unanimous regarding incorrect judgement of line length (1/3 of subjects conformed)
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Lewin's Field Theory
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a person's behavior is a function of the person & the environment in the immediate present
was interested in the uniqueness of individuals |
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Density Intensity Hypothesis
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a crowd enhances positive experiences & situations but makes unpleasant ones moreso
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Fundamental Attribution Error
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natural tendency to make dispositional (vs situational) attributions about a person's behavior
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Defensive Attribution
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made specifically to relieve one's anxiety
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Social Facilitation
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tendency toward improved task performance in the presence of others
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Deindividuation
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Zimbardo, 1970
tendency to act in uncharacteristic ways when anonymity is likely believed to result from: decreased sense of responsibility reduced self-consciousness lowered fear of evaluation loss of other inhibitory factors |
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Idiosyncracy Credits
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earned by initially conforming to the group's norms
group is later more tolerant of any deviations from certain group norms |
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Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict
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a person has to choose between 2 unpleasant alternatives that would both lead to negative results
most difficult to resolve, most stressful, lots of vacillation |
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Approach-Approach Conflict
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person must choose between 2 desirable alternatives& afterward slightly devalues the alternative not chosen (sort of like cognitive dissonance)
source of stress = wanting it all, but not being able to have it |
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Approach-Avoidance Conflict
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person is both drawn to & repelled by the same alternative or must choose whether to do 1 thing that will have both desirable & undesirable results
result will be good & bad either way, leads to ambivalence As distance from the goal decreases, the strength of both the "approach gradient" and the "avoidance gradient" increases. However, the strength of the avoidance gradient increases more rapidly, meaning that, as you get closer to the goal, the more likely that you will choose to avoid it. |
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Gain-Loss Theory
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we are most attracted to people who initially dislike us but then come to like us
it is the direction (increasing liking) that matters most |
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Overjustification Hypothesis
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when an external reward is given for performing an intrinsically rewarding activity, the person's intrinsic activity will decrease
interpreted in terms of Bem's Self-Perception Theory (people make attributions about their attitudes by observing their own behaviors) |
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Social Trap
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conflict that occurs when behavior has positive short-term effects but negative long term effects
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Social Readjustment Scale
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Holmes & Rahe, 1967
developed to measure life stress & examine the stress-illness relationship most stressful events: death of spouse (100 pts) divorce (73 pts) marriage (50 pts) retirement (45) death of close friend (37) foreclosure (30) |
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Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion
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people are persuaded by 1 of 2 routes:
CENTRAL- message elaboration, requires deep thought PERIPHERAL- aspects not central to message, such as speaker's appearance, expertise, etc |
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Sleeper Effect
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in persuasion, people eventually forget the source of a communication, but still remember the message
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Social Inhibition
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inhibition or worsening of performance when a novel or complex task is performed in a group
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Social Influence
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effect of others on a person in terms of conformity & obedience
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Need complementarity
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opposites attract (people frequently choose partners who differ from them in terms of personality)
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reciprocity hypothesis
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people tend to like others who like them
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matching hypothesis
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people of approximately equal physical attractiveness are likely to select one another
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propinquity
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physical proximity
a major factor in attraction |
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Psychiatric illness in immigrants
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higher rates of psychiatric hospitalization in immigrant groups, especially young men
well acculturated show best adjustment age of family members plays most important role in rate of acculturation psychiatric problems tend to peak between 1 and 3 years after arrival |
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Normative Conformity
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occurs when people comply with the majority's standards for acceptable behavior because they want to be liked
more likely when majority group has consensus occurs when a person sees themself as similar to the majority results in public agreement, but not private acceptance |
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Information Conformity
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tendency for people to conform to the majority because they want to perceive reality correctly
more likely when the task is ambiguous or difficult more likely when majority has consensus |
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Cross' revised model of identity development for African-Americans
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5 stages:
pre-encounter encounter immersion-emersion internalization internalization-commitment |
