Eppp Research Design

Front 1

Use: protocol analysis

Back 1

type of content analysis

to study cognitions underlying problem-solving

subjects asked to "think aloud"

Front 2

Use: interval recording

Back 2

method of behavioural sampling

devide a period of time into discrete intervals and record whether the behaviour occurs

used for behaviours that are (1) complex, or (2) have no clear beginning or end

e.g. laughing, playing

Front 3

Use: event sampling

Back 3

method of behaviour sampling

records each occurrence of a behaviour during a preselected event

used for behaviours that are (1) rare, or (2)leave a permanent record

e.g. completed test

Front 4

Shortcomings of case studies (2)

Back 4

1. cannot draw conlcusions about exact relationship between variables

2. information may not be generalizable to other cases

Front 5

A shortcoming with surveys

Methods to avoid this (4)

Back 5

Nonresponse bias

1. follow-up
2. info about study
3. small reward
4. pre-contacting individuals by phone

Front 6

Diff: true experimental research vs. quasi-experimental research

Back 6

random assignment

Front 7

Diff: random assignment vs. random selection

Back 7

RA - observed effect on DV more likely to be caused by IV

RS - generalize findings from sample to population

Front 8

Def: cluster sampling

Def: multistage cluster sampling

Back 8

selecting uinits or groups of individuals from population
e.g. schools, hospitals

can randomly select individuals from each unit

Front 9

Def: placebo control group

Back 9

comparison group exposed to nonspecific aspects of the treatment

e.g. expectations of improvement

Front 10

Def & Use: ANCOVA

Back 10

analysis of covariance

statistical control of extraneous variable (the covariate)

Front 11

Def: systematic vs. random error

Back 11

SE - error due to extraneous variables

RE - error due to random fluctuations in subjects, experiment conditions, methods of measurement

Front 12

Controlling variability due to extraneous variables

Back 12

random assignment
hold extraneous variable constant
matching
blocking
ANCOVA

Front 13

What does internal validity demonstrate?

Back 13

casual relationship between IV and DV

Front 14

Def: statistical regression

Back 14

extreme scores closer to mean when test readministered

Front 15

Def: analogue studies

Back 15

conducted in lab or other artificial settings

Front 16

What does external validity demonstrate?

Back 16

relationship between IV and DV can be generalized

Front 17

Threats to external validity

Back 17

Interaction bet testing & treatment

Interaction bet selection & treatment

Reactivity

Front 18

Use: Solomon four-group design

Back 18

to control pretest sensitization

Front 19

reactivity

Back 19

awareness of being observed in study

Front 20

demand characteristics

Back 20

cues in experiment informing subject how to behave

Front 21

Experimenter expectancy

Back 21

bias an experimenter introduces into sutyd as a result of expectations about sutyd's outcomes

Front 22

Single-blind vs. double-blind study

Back 22

S-B = subs don't know what group they are in

D-B = subs AND experimenter don't know

Front 23

Def: Hawthorne effect

Back 23

subjects perform better due to attention

Front 24

Def: Solomon four-group design

Back 24

controls effects of pretesting

Front 25

Types of group designs

Back 25

between-groups/subjects
within-subjects
mixed

Front 26

Factorial design

Back 26

when a study includes 2 or more IVs

Front 27

Benefits of factorial design

Back 27

can analyze:
1) main effects of each IV
2) interaction bet IVs

Front 28

Main effect

Back 28

effects of different levels of a single IV

Front 29

Interaction

Back 29

impact of one IV differs at different levels of another IV

If significant interaction... main effects should be interpreted with caution

Front 30

How do you control for carryover effects or multiple tx interference

Back 30

counterbalancing

Front 31

Which is more powerful?

Between-subjects design
Within-subjects design

Back 31

within-subjects design.

fewer subjects needed
controls for individual diffs

Front 32

Autocorrelation or serial dependancy

Back 32

performance on post-tests likely to correlate with performance on pretests

Front 33

Eg: Mixed design or "split-plot"

Back 33

counterbalnced design

makes comparisons bet groups and within groups

Front 34

Def: reversal (withdrawal) design

Back 34

single-subject desgin with at least 2 baselines and 1 tx.

tx is withdrawn or reversed

e.g ABA or ABAB

Front 35

3 types single-subject designs

Back 35

AB
reversal (ABA or ABAB)
multiple baseline

Front 36

Def: factorial design

Back 36

any research design that includes 2 or more factors (IVs)

Front 37

Use: formative program evaluation

Back 37

when program is in process of being developed

to see if program is being implemented as intended

Front 38

Use: summative program evaluation

Back 38

once program has been developed

assessing program's effectivenss to decide on continuation or expansion