Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Sensory memory
|
Unprocessed copies of stimulus remaining in sensory organs for 2-3 seconds
|
|
|
Presbyopia
|
Loss of elasticity in lens with age; results in "far-sightedness"
|
|
|
Cingulate cortex
|
Limbic system; exitatory role in emotions, motivating behaviors, mediates sex and eating satisfaction
|
|
|
Vision
|
Peripheral=anterior occipital lobe
Central=posterior occipital lobe |
|
|
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
|
Lesions in amygdala; reduced fear/aggression, increased acquiescence, hypersexuality
|
|
|
Serotonin and eating
|
High S. = anxiety and low appetite; Low S. = depression and maybe binge eating
|
|
|
Inability to recognize objects by touching; unaware of deficit
|
Agnosia
|
|
|
Cryptomnesia
|
Perceiving memory as original idea
|
|
|
Source amnesia
|
Memory for facts without source--when, where, with whom facts were learned
|
|
|
Lesions to Wernicke's area are likely to result in...
|
Deficits in language processing
|
|
|
Trichromatic theory
|
Color vision mediated by 3 types of cones: red, green, blue. Combination of output determines color perceived.
|
|
|
Opponent process theory
|
Color vision mediated by 3 types of receptors:red/ green, blue/yellow, black/ white. Activation of red inhibits green, etc.
|
|
|
Tolerance
|
Decreasing responsiveness to a drug. Need larger doses for same effect. Does not apply equally to all effects of given drug.
|
|
|
Withdrawal
|
Psychological/physical syndrome from abrupt cessation of drug in habituated user. Varies depending on drug.
|
|
|
Synergistic effects
|
Drug interaction: Example: alcohol + other sedative/hypnotic = additive effects.
|
|
|
Amphetamines
|
Block reuptake at noradrenergic/dopaminergic synapses=potentiation of effect. Physiologically stimulating. Used for narcolepsy/hyperactivity
|
|
|
Amphetamine psychosis
|
Psychotic-like reaction like paranoid schizophrenia resulting from long-term use or very large dose
|
|
|
Amphetamine Untoward Effects
|
Due to overdose-toxicity: nausea, vomiting, anxiety, irritability, palpitations, dizziness, confusion, dysphoria, and apprehension
|
|
|
MAOIs
|
Best for atypical depression (e.g., with anxiety, hostility, increased appetite, hypochondriasis
|
|
|
MAOI's untoward effects
|
Drowsiness, dizziness, dry mouth, constipation, tremor, orthostatic hypotension, edema. Overdose can be fatal. Cannot use with tyramine (foods/drugs)
|
|
|
Tricyclic anti-depressants
|
Best for unipolar and non-reactive depression. Tofranil, Sinequan, Elavil
|
|
|
Tricyclic side effects
|
Anticholinergic, orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia, palpiations, hypertension, sedation, confusion, disorientation, insomnia, rash, paresthesia, nausea, vomiting, weight gain, changes in libido, paradoxical depression/ anxiety. More common in elderly. Overdose lethal
|
|
|
Anxiolytics
|
Minor tranquilizer/anti-anxiety. Meprobanate, benzos.Benzos best for acute, severe, reactive with agitation,apprehension, tension
|
|
|
Anxiolytics side effects
|
Drowsiness, lethargy, ataxia. Psychological dependence. Chronic use = tolerance/physical dependence. Meprobanate = more severe withdrawal
|
|
|
Aphagia
|
Lack of eating resulting from destruction of lateral hypothalamus (LHA)
|
|
|
Expressive aphasia
|
Inability to produce language associated with damage to Broca's area
|
|
|
Receptive aphasia
|
Deficits in comprehension of spoken/written language associated with damage to Wernicke's area
|
|
|
Conduction aphasia
|
Inabiity to distinguish and repeat speech sounds caused by damage to arcuate fasciculus
|
|
|
Ataxia
|
Inability to coordinate voluntay body movements due to cerebellar pathology
|
|
|
Visual agnosia
|
Inability to interpret meaning of visual stimuli; aka "psychic blindness"
|
|
|
Frequency theory of audition
|
Auditory perception related to nerve impulse frequency in auditory nerve, which matches frequency of stimulus for less than 1000 Hz
|
|
|
Place theory of audition
|
Perception of high frequency tones is a function of place on basilar membrane stimulated by tone
|
|
|
Autonomic nervous system
|
Part of PNS. Visceral fx (heart rate, sweating, blood pressure,respiration, digestion. May be brought under control with biofeedback. Sympathetic and parasympathetic branches
|
|
|
Somatic nervous system
|
Part of PNS that carries info between CNS and sensory system and skeletal muscles. Ordinarily voluntary activity
|
|
|
Barbituates
|
Sedative/hypnotic. Very lethal, no longer often prescribed
|
|
|
Barbituate side effects
|
Slurred speech,nystagmus, dizziness,irritability, impaired motor/cognitive fx. Overdose=confusion,agitation,disorientation,cold clammy skin,dilated pupils, respiratory depression, death. REM rebound
|
|
|
Broca's area
|
Motor speech area in frontal lobe anterior to motor cortex. Related to production of speech
|
|
|
Wernicke's area
|
Speech area in temporal lobe (usually left). Related to understanding of written/ spoken language
|
|
|
Catecholamine hypothesis of depression
|
Related to lower levels of norepinephrine/dopamine. Mania is from excess of these
|
|
|
Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia
|
Oversensitivity of dopamine receptors. Dopamine blockers reduce symptoms. Increasers exacerbate symptoms
|
|
|
Central nervous system
|
Nerve cells, fibers, tissues of brain and spinal cord
|
|
|
Peripheral nervous system
|
Nervous system elements outside brain and spinal cord. Includes autonomic and somatic nervous systems
|
|
|
Contralateral presentation
|
Cerebral hemispheres control functions of opposite side of body
|
|
|
Diabetes Insipidus
|
Caused by insufficient anti-diurectic hormone (ADH), resulting in inability to retain body water (polyuria)
|
|
|
Diabetes Mellitus
|
Caused by insufficient insulin resulting in inability of cells to use blood sugar (glucose). Fatigue,weakness,increased susceptibility to infection
|
|
|
Pharmokinetic drug interaction
|
One drug interferes with absorption,distribution, transformation,or excretion of another drug, raising or lowering concentration
|
|
|
Pharmacodynamic drug interaction
|
One drug combines with another drug and increases or decreases its effects at action sites.
|
|
|
Cannon-Bard theory
|
Bodily reactions and experience of emotion occur simultaneously and are controlled by thalamus
|
|
|
James-Lange theory
|
Emotions reflect experience of visceral and muscular reactions to certain stimuli, "we feel afraid because we are running."
|
|
|
Extrapyramical motor system
|
Controls and coordinates motor activities for balance, posture, and locomotion; includes basal ganglia, substantia nigra, areas of midbrain, motor neurons of spinal cord
|
|
|
Memory loss associated with AD has been linked to which neurotransmitter?
|
Acetylcholine
|
|
|
Hydrocephalus involves which brain structures?
|
Cerebral ventricles
|
|
|
The body's circadian rhythms are controlled by the:
|
Hypothalamus
|
|
|
Damage to the prefrontal cortex is most likely to result in deficits in:
|
Executive cognitive functions
|
|
|
An adult with damage to his hippocampus can be expected to:
|
Forget events that occur after the damage
|
|
|
Acetylcholine in the peripheral nervous system
|
Causes muscles to contract. Myasthenia gravis-autoimmune d/o that attacks Ach receptors, results in weakness of skeletal muscles
|
|
|
Acetylcholine in central nervous system
|
Involved in REM sleep, sleep-wake cycle, memory
|
|
|
How is acetylcholine linked to AD?
|
Cholinergic degeneration in entorhinal cortex/other areas that communicate with hippocampus leads to memory deficits
|
|
|
Name two types of cholinergic receptors
|
Nicotinic: exictatory, enhances alertness/memory by mimicking ACh at nicotinic receptors
Nuscarinic - inhibitory |
|
|
Catecholamines
|
Include norephinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine. Involved in personality, mood, memory, sleep
|
|
|
Low levels of norepinenphrine have been associated with...
|
some forms of depression
|
|
|
Excessive activity at dopamine receptor sites has been associated with...
|
Schizophrenia and Tourette's
|
|
|
What is the role of dopamine in movement?
|
Degeneration of Da receptors in substantia nigra=tremors, muscle rigidity, sxs of Parkinson's
|
|
|
Elevated levels of dopamine in the mesolimbic system have been associated with...
|
reinforcing effects of stimulants, opiates, alcohol, and nicotine. Cocaine blocks reuptake of Da;nicotine stimulates release of Da
|
|
|
Serotonin (5-HT)
|
Inhibitory; implicated in mood, hunger, temperature regulation, sexual activity, arousal, sleep, aggression, migraine headache
|
|
|
Elevated levels of 5-HT are associated with...
|
autism and schizophrenia
|
|
|
Low levels of 5-HT are associated with...
|
depression, suicide, PTSD, OCB, aggression
|
|
|
GABA (Bamma-aminobutyric acid)
|
inhibitory; linked to sleep, eating, seizure, anxiety
|
|
|
What is the relationship of GABA to anxiety?
|
GABA levels are affected by benzos and other CNS depressants used to treat anxiety
|
|
|
What is the relationship between GABA and Huntington's Disease?
|
Degeneration of GABA secreting cells in basal ganglia contribue to motor symptoms of Huntingdon's
|
|
|
Glutamate
|
excitatory; role in learning and memory, long-term potentiation (formation of long-term memories)
|
|
|
Excessive glutamate receptor activity is linked to...
|
seizures, may contribute to stroke-related brain damage, Huntingdon's Disease, AD, and other neurodegenerative disorders
|
|
|
Endorphins
|
"endogenous morphines"; inhibitory neuromodulators; lower sensitivity of post- synaptic neurons to neurotransmitters
|
|
|
Endorphins have been associated with...
|
analgesic effects, pain relief from acupuncture, runner's high, control of emotions, memory & learning, and sexual behavior
|
|
|
Hindbrain
|
Cerebellum, medulla, pons
|
|
|
The medulla is responsible for...
|
flow of info between spinal cord and brain; coordination of swallowing, coughing, sneezing, regulation of breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure. Damage often fatal.
|
|
|
The pons...
|
connects two halves of cerebellum; involved in integration of movements in right/left sides of body
|
|
|
Midbrain
|
contains reticular formation
|
|
|
Role of reticular activating system
|
Vital to consciousness, arousal, wakefulness; screens sensory input, arouses higher centers of brain when needed.
|
|
|
Damage to reticular activating system is associated with...
|
disruption of sleep-wake cycle, can produce coma-like state of sleep.
|
|
|
Forebrain
|
Subcortical structures and cerebral cortex
|
|
|
Subcortical structures comprise...
|
Thalamus, hypothalamus with suprachiasmatic nucleus, basal ganglis, limbic system (amygdala, hippocampus)
|
|
|
The role of the thalamus is...
|
a relay station, transmits incoming sensory info to cortex (not olfaction); also motor activity, language, memory
|
|
|
Korsakoff Syndrome results from...
|
atrophy of neurons in dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus and mammillary bodies of hypothalamus, due to thiamine deficiency (usually results from alcoholism). Involves severe anterograde and retrograde amnesia, confabulation
|
|
|
Hypothalamus
|
Involved in hunger, thirst, sex, sleep, body temperature, movement, emotional reactions
|
|
|
Damage to the hypothalamus can result in what emotional changes?
|
Uncontrollable laughter, intense rage or aggression
|
|
|
What structures comprise the basal ganglia?
|
Caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra
|
|
|
In what functions are the basal ganglia involved?
|
Planning, organizing and coodinating voluntary movement; regulating amplitude and direction of motor actions; sensorimotor learning, smiling, frowning, running when fearful
|
|
|
Basal ganglia pathology includes...
|
Huntingdon's, Parkinson's, Tourette's. Sometimes implicated in mania, depression, ocd, psychosis
|
|
|
What is the role of the amygdala?
|
integrates, coordinates, directs motivational and emotional activities, attaches emotions to memory, helps in recall of emotion experiences
|
|
|
What is the role of the hippocampus?
|
Involved in processing spatial, visual, verbal info and consolidating declarative memory (storage takes palce in frontal/ temporal lobes)
|
|
|
Apraxia
|
Inability to perform skilled motor movements in the absence of impaired motor functiong, and somatosensory agnosia, related to parietal lobe damage
|
|
|
Tactile agnosia
|
Inability to recognize familiar objects by touch
|
|
|
Asomatognosia
|
Failure to recognize parts of one's own body
|
|
|
Anosognosia
|
Inability to recognize one's own neurological symptoms or other disorder
|
|
|
Gertsmann Syndrome
|
Left parietal lesion, results in finger agnosia, right-left confusion, agraphia, and acalculia
|
|
|
Prosopagnosia
|
Inability to recognize familiar faces
|
|
|
Gate control theory of pain
|
Nervous system can process only limited amt of sensory info. Spinal cord acts as gate blocking some incoming pain signals. Massage injured area, apply heat/ cold, use distracting mental activities
|
|
|
Synesthesia
|
Rare condition; stimulation of 1 sensory modality triggers sensation in another (hear a color, taste a shape)
|
