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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Types of neurotransmitters
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ACh
Catecholamines Serotonin GABA Glutamate Endorphins |
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ACh: function
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voluntary motor movements
memory * LOW levels ACh in Alzheimer's |
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Catecholamines: function
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personality
mood drive * catecholamine hypot * dopamine hypot |
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Examples of catecholamines
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norepinephrine
epinephrine dopamine |
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Catecholamine hypothesis
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Depression due to:
LOW levels norepinephrine |
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Dopamine hypothesis
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Schizophrenia due to:
HIGH levels dopamine |
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Serotonin: function
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hunger
temperature regulation sexual activity aggression onset of sleep |
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Serotonin hypothesis
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Schizophrenia & Autism associated with:
HIGH levels serotonin Depression, PTSD, OCD associated with: LOW levels serotonin |
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GABA: function
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sleep
eating seizure anxiety disorder * LOW levels GABA in Huntington's Disease |
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Glutamate: function
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learning
long-term memory HIGH glutamate in Huntington's & Alzheimer's |
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Medulla: function
[brainstem; hindbrain] |
vital ANS functions:
circulation respiration |
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Medulla: damage
[brainstem; hindbrain] |
fatal
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Pons: function
[brainstem; hindbrain] |
transmits motor info from higher brain & spinal cord to cerebellum
integrates movements in R & L sides of body respiration feeding sleep |
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Cerebellum: function
[brainstem; hindbrain] |
balance
posture coordinated & refined motor movements |
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Cerebellum: damage
[brainstem; hindbrain] |
"ataxia"
lack of balance severe tremors drunken-like movements |
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Reticular Activating System (RAS): function
[midbrain] |
screens incoming info & relays to higher centers of brain
arousal |
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Reticular Activating System (RAS): damage
[midbrain] |
disrupts normal sleep-wakefulness cyle
possible permanent coma-like sleep |
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Thalamus: function
[diencephalon; forebrain] |
"relay station" for all sensory input (EXCEPT olfaction)
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Thalamus: damage
[diencephalon; forebrain] |
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
- caused by thiamine deficiney as a result of alcoholism |
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Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
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caused by thiamine deficiney as a result of alcoholism
severe anterograde amnesia retrograde amnesia confabulation |
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Hypothalamus: function
[diencephalon; forebrain] |
maintains body's internal HOMEOSTASIS
controls ANS & endocrine glands mediates basic drives regulates emotional expression |
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Amygdala: function
[limbic sys; telencephalon; forebrain] |
controls emotional activities
mediates defensive-aggressive bheaviours attaches emotions to memories |
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Amygdala: damage
[limbic sys; telencephalon; forebrain] |
reduced aggressiveness
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome - compulsive oral behaviours - hypersexuality - visual agnosia |
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Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
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damage to amygdala
compulsive oral behaviours hypersexuality visual agnosia |
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Hippocampus: function
[limbic sys; telencephalon; forebrain] |
consolidation of memory
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Hippocampus: damage
[limbic sys; telencephalon; forebrain] |
inability to form new memories
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Frontal lobe: function
[cerebral cortex] |
emotion & personality
planning decision making |
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Cerebral cortex makes _____ % of the brain's total weight
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80%
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Frontal lobe: damage
[cerbral cortex] |
changes in personality
loss of a sense of "self" inability to carry out plans |
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Parietal lobe: function
[cerbral cortex] |
somatosensory cortex
pain pressure heat cold |
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Parietal lobe: damage
[cerbral cortex] |
impairments in:
spatial orientation touch facial recognition * can cause Gerstmann syndrome |
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Temporal: function
[cerbral cortex] |
auditory perception
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Occipital: function
[cerbral cortex] |
visual perception
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limbic system is primary associated with ___________
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emotion
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4 lobes of cerebral cortex
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frontal
parietal temporal occipital |
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Basal Ganglia: function
[telencephalon; forebrain] |
planning
organizing voluntary movement regulating motor actions |
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Basal Ganglia: associated disorders
[telencephalon; forebrain] |
Parkinson's
Tourette's Mania Depression OCD Psychosis |
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hemispheric specialization
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LEFT (dominant)
verbal activities analytical, logical thought positive emotional states RIGHT visual-spatial activities e.g. facial recognition spatial interpretation memory for shapes negative emotions |
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corpus callosum
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major pathway for info travelling between hemispheres
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2 branches of nervous system
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central nervous system
peripheral nervous system |
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structures of CNS
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brain
spinal cord |
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Autonomic Nervous System: function
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controls internal glands/organs, including:
heart bladder stomach endocrine glands |
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sympathetic nervous system: function
[autonomic nervous sys; peripheral nervous sys] |
active during stress & excitement
promotes energy expenditure by: inc blood sugar accelerating breathing raising blood pressure & heart rate |
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parasympathetic nervouse system: function
[autonomic nervous sys; peripheral nervous sys] |
operates during states of relaxation
helps body conserve energy by: slowing heart rate & blood flow inhibiting glucose release constricting blood vessels |
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suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN): location & function
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hypothalamus
mediates sleep-wake cycle mediates circadian rhythms *involved in Seasonal Affective Disorder |
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Broca's area: location & function
[premotor cortex; frontal lobe; cerebral cortex] |
premotor cortex
speech production |
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Broca's area: damage
[premotor cortex; frontal lobe; cerebral cortex] |
Broca's (expressive) aphasia
- difficulties in producing spoken & written language |
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Prefrontal cortex: function
[frontal lobe; cerebral cortex] |
complex behaviours
emotion semory self-awareness executive functions |
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Prefrontal cortex: damage
[frontal lobe; cerebral cortex] |
pseudodepression
pseudopsychopathy probs w/ abstract thinking, planning, decision-making perseveration |
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apraxia
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inability to perform skilled motor movements in absence of impaired motor functioning
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anosognosia
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inability to recognize one's own neurological sx or other disorder
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Wernicke's area: location & function
[temporal lobe; cerebral cortex] |
dominant temporal lobe
comprehension of language |
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visual agnosia
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inability to recognize familiar objects
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simultanagnosis
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inability to see more than one thing or one aspect of an object at a time
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prosopagnosia
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inability to recognize familiar faces
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contralateral representation
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L side of brain controls R side of body, and vice versa
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Hemispheric specialization
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LEFT (dominant)
written & spoken language logical & analytical thinking RIGHT spatial processing creativity facial recognition |
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"split-brain" patients
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sever corpus callosum to control severe epilepsy
deficits in ability to verbally identify info presented to RIGHT hemisphere only. |
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types of colour blindness
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Trichromats
normal colour vision Dichromats lack 1 of 3 pigments usually red-green blind Monochromats no colour vision |
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3 theories of emotion
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James-Lange theory
Cannon-Bard theory two-factor (cognitive) theory |
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James-Lange theory of emotion
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emotions represent perceptions of bodily reactions
e.g. you are afraid because your knees are skaking support from quadriplegics experiencing less intense emotions following injury |
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Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
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emotional & bodily reactions to stimuli occur simultaneously
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Two-factor (cognitive) theory of emotion
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emotion a consequence of:
1. physiological arousal 2. cognitive interpretation 3. enviornmental context support from Schachter & Singer's epinephrine study |
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general adaptation syndrome (Selye)
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human response to stress mediated by adrenal-pituitary secretions & involves 3 stages
alarm reaction resistance (ACTH/cortisol) exhaustion |
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gonadotropic hormones
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estrogen (ovaries)
progesterone (ovaries) testosterone (testes) androstenedion (testes) |
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androgens
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testosterone
androstenedione |
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closed-head injury
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loss of consciousness (coma)
post-traumatic (anterograde) amnesia sometimes retrograde amnesia cognitive probs if PTA > 24 hrs |
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hyperthyroidism vs. hypothyroidism
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HYPER (Grave's Disease)
fast metabolism high body temp inc appetite w/ weight loss nervousness HYPO slow metabolism dec appetite w/ weight gain lethargy depression apathy |
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Broca's Aphasia
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"expressive, motor, and nonfluent aphasia"
slow speech w/ difficulty poor articulation omissions anomia probs repeating phrases comprehension of language OK aware of deficits frustration & depression |
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Wernicke's Aphasia
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"receptive, sensory, and fluent aphasia"
probs understanding speech devoid of content anomia paraphasia unaware that speech is meaningless |
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Conduction (Associative) Aphasia
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damage to structure that connects Wernicke's & Broca's areas
anomia inability to repeat words know what they want to say, but have difficulty |
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Global Aphasia
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total or near-total loss of language
some automatic speech |
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Transcortical Aphasia
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lesion that isolates Broca's leads to:
transcortical MOTOR aphasia lesion that isolates Wernicke's leads to: transcortical SENSORY aphasia |
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2 types of antipsychotic drugs
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1. Traditional (conventional)
2. Atypical (novel) |
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Ex: traditional antipsychotics
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phenothiazine
thioxanthene butyrophenone |
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Use: traditional antipsychotics
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+ve sx of schizophrenia
acute mania NOT -ve sx of schizophrenia |
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Action: traditional antipsychotics
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blocks dopamine (D2) receptors, therefore dec dopamine
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Side effects: traditional antipsychotics
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1. tardive dyskinesia (esp w/ Haloperidol)
- can add benzo or other GABA agonist to treat 2. neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) rapid autonomic sx potentially fatal stop meds immediately |
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Ex: Atypical antipsychotics
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clozapine
resperidone olanzapine quetiapine |
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Use: Atypical antipsychotics
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schizophrenia
bipolar alc & drugs huntington's parkinson's note: helpful for +ve & -ve sx of schizophrenia, but SLOWER ONSET |
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Mode: Atypical antipsychotics
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block D2, serotonin & glutamate
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side effects: Atypical antipsychotics
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1. NMS
2. agranulocytosis (blood disorder) NOT tardive dyskinesia |
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advantage of atypical vs traditional neuroleptics?
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no tartive dyskinesia
helps +ve & -ve sx schiz |
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advantage of traditional vs atypical neuroleptics?
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faster acting
no close blood monitoring |
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Ex: anticholinergic side effects
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dry mouth
blurred vision tachycardia constipation urinary retention sedation |
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Ex: extrapyramidal side effects
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tardive dyskinesia
akathisia muscle spasms parkinsonsim |
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Types of antidepressants
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TCSs
SSRIs MAOIs Newer antidepressants |
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Ex: TCAs
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amitriptyline
doxepin imipramine clomipramine |
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Mode: TCAs
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block reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin and/or dopamine, therfore increasing these
supporting catecholomine hypothesis |
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Side effects: TCAs
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cardiovascular sx
anticholinergic effects |
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when not to prescribe a TCA
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high risk for suicide
heart disease |
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Ex: SSRIs
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fluoxetine (prozac)
fluvoxamine (luvox) paroxetine (paxil) sertraline (zoloft) citalpram (celexa) |
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Mode: SSRIs
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blocks reuptake of serotonin, therefore increases it
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Use: SSRIs
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melancholic depression
etc. |
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Use: TCAs
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vegetative & somatic depression
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advantages of SSRIs over TCAs
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less cardiotoxic
safer in overdose less cognitive impairment more rapid onset |
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Ex: MAOIs
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isocarboxazid
phenelzine tranylcypromine |
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Use: MAOIs
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atypical depression
- anxiety, hypersomnia |
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Mode: MAOIs
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inhibits enzyme monoamine oxidase, therefore deactivates dopamine, norepinephrine & serotonin
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Side effects: MAOIs
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hypertensive crisis - when taken w/ barbiturates, amphetamines, antihistamines or food w/ TYRAMINE
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Ex: newer antidepressants
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bupropion (wellbutrin)
venlafaxine (effexor) nefazodone (serxone) trazodone (desyrel) |
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Types of mood stabilizing drugs
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Lithium
Carbamazepine |
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Side effects: Lithium
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toxicity
- serum levels monitored Must avoid fluctuations in salt intake, caffeine, alcohol |
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when would you use Carbamazepine instead of Lithium in tx of bipolar disorder
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rapid cyclers
dysphoric mood kidney, liver, thyroid or gastrointestinal probs |
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Types of sedative-hypnotics
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barbiturates
benzodiazepines Azapirone |
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Ex: barbiturates
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... barbital !!
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Mode: barbiturates
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interrupt impulses to RAS
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Ex: benzos
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... lam
... pam |
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Mode: benzos
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inhibits GABA
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advantages & disadvantages of Azapirone
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non-addictive
no sedation take for several weeks |
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Use: Beta blockers
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high BP
angine migraines glaucoma |
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Types: psychostimulants
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amphetamines
methylphenidate (ritalin) |
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Use: psychostimulants
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narcolepsy
ADHD |
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Mode: psychostimulants
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inc norepinephrine & serotonin
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Side effects: amphetamines
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tolerance
dependence sensitization |
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side effects: Methylphenidate
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dysphoria
growth suppression (therefore need drug holidays) contraindicated for family hx tourette's |
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Ex: narcotic-analygesics (opioids)
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NATURAL OPIODS
opium morphine codeine SEMI-SYNTHETIC DERIVATIVES OF MORPHINE heroin percodan dilaudid PURE SYNTHETICS demerol darvon methadone |
