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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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A father consistently yells at his child every time she whines. The child's whining increases. The yelling is an example of?
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Positive reinforcement - although not intentional the yelling is increasing the behavior
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Beck vs Ellis' view on thoughts
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An important distinction between Beck and Ellis is that Beck views each mental disorder as being characterized by a unique set of faulty cognitions, while Ellis assumes that all disorders derive from the same set of basic irrational beliefs.
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What is forward conditioning?
What is delay conditioning? What is backwards conditioning? |
A CS proceeds the US
CS precedes and overlaps the US (most effective) The US is presented before the CS, which is the wrong way to establish a conditioned response |
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What is "blocking?"
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present the CS prior to US, present original CS w/second CS prior to US (second CS never becomes associated with US and doesn't illicit CR
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What is systematic desensitization? Is it classical or operant?
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A type of counterconditioning where relaxation is paired w/anxiety evoking events. Classical
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What is "covert sensitization?"
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imagining aversive condition while imagining engaging in maladaptive behavior (classical counerconditioning)
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Latent theory
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Tolman - learning often takes place w/out performance improvements. Reinforcement is important but not necessary.
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According to Beck, modification of dysfunctional cognitions can only occur if...
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the person is engaged and experiences affective arousal
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Rehm's Self-Control Therapy
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deficits in three aspects of self-control (monitoring, evaluation, reinforcement) increase vulnerability to depression
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Lewihsohn's behavioral model of depression:
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depression is a low rate of response-contigent reinforcement
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According to Wolpe, depression is a result of ___
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classical conditioning
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Feature integration theory
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theory about how an object's features are integrated - Proposes that focused visual attention is required for perception of an object to occur
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Bandura's research looking at the impact of punishing a model for acting aggressively on male and female observers showed that:
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agressive responses are learned by watching an aggressive model (even when the model was punished) and consequently were able to immitate the aggressive behavior when told they would be rewarded for doing so
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A parent finds that she has to nag her son more and more to get him to stop teasing his sister. The last time it happened the boy finally stopped his teasing after his mother's 16th angry request. The boys compliance is best described as the result of:
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escape conditioning (complies with mothers request to escape an aversive stimulus)
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A 10-year old child who has an IQ of 90 is having difficulty doing her homework because she doesn't make use of effective learning strategies. This child would benefit from training in:
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Metacognition (monitoring one's own cognitive processes). Allows us to identify and use appropriate learning strategies
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The most effective behavioral technique to reduce a school-aged child's temper tantrums is:
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Extinction (removal of the reinforcement maintaining the response)
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In an experiment, a psychologist establishes a conditioned startle response to a flashing red light by pairing presentation of the light with a loud noise that naturally elicits a startle reaction. Subsequently, the red light is simultaneously presented with a strong odor just before the loud noise. After many of these conditioning trails, what is likely to occur when the strong odor is presented alone?
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Blocking (occurs when CS is presented simultaneously with a second stimulus just before the US
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In a study, subjects are asked to memorize a list of 10 unrelated words. The subjects are then asked to count backwards by 3's from 99. At 5, 15, and 30 second intervals they are asked to recall the list of words. The reason the subjects are asked to count backwards is to
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Without the opportunity to rehearse newly learned information it cannot be retained for more than a very brief period. This study apparently used counting backwards as a way to prevent subjects from rehearsing the list of words in order to evaluate the duration of short-term memory
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which is the best way to facilitate memory of something you have recently learned?
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Research has demonstrated that recall of a particular piece of information is greater after a given time period of sleep than after the same period of wakeful activity. This finding lends support to the interference theory of forgetting, which proposes that forgetting of a given piece of information is caused by interference from other information. When one is sleeping, there is less potential for any such interference to occur.
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A woman who was in a serious car accident six months ago sees a picture of a car in a newspaper and becomes anxious. This is an example of:
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stimulus generalization (also referred to as mediated generalization)
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According to the hopelessness theory of depression, hopelessness is a Proximal .... :
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proximal sufficient cause of depression
"proximal" (hopelessness occurs at the end of the chain - closest to the resulting symptoms of depression "sufficient" (the presence of hopelessness is enough to cause depression" |
proximal vs distal
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Sensory memory is _________
Capacity ----- duration _____ |
a representation of an external stimulus after the stimulus has ended.
Thought to have an unlimited capacity but a very short duraction (2-3 seconds) |
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A primary reinforcer is the same as:
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an unconditioned reinforcer (example: food, water)
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Research using a "dismantling strategy" suggests that the most critical component of systematic desensitization is:
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A dismantling strategy involves comparing the various components of a treatment. Use of this method has demonstrated that counterconditioning and gradual exposure are not the crucial elements in systematic desensitization. Instead, repeated exposure to the CS without presence of the US is responsible for its positive effects (classic extinction)
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From the perspective of Bandura's social learning theory, "functional value" refers to:
a. external reinforcements b. anticipated consequences c. self-efficacy beliefs d. relationship to previous learning |
b - Functional value is pretty much what it sounds like. According to Bandura, a behavior has functional value when the person anticipates that performing it will result in desirable consequences (i.e., when the behavior serves a function
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What is the Levels of Processing theory?
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(stage theory of memory) stimuli are processed at different levels, and the deeper the level of processing - the more likely it will be remembered (techniques such as elaborative rehearsal are more effective than superficial rehearsal)
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According to behavioral theory, depression is generally considered to result from:
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being on an extinction schedule for an extended period of time.The depressed person has little or no access to reinforcement.
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As part of an evaluation of a third-grade girl referred for her disruptive classroom behavior, the school psychologist interviewed the girl's father. The father related that, whenever the girl acted out at home, the parents would make every attempt to be understanding and accepting and would try to reason with her. The father reported that this usually worked in getting the daughter to stop. From a behavioral view, the psycholgist would reason that:
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the child's behavior is increasing following the parents intervention - so the parental attention might be reinforcing the girl's disruptive behaviors
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In an operant conditioning experiment, researchers flash a light to signal the subject that she will receive a dollar bill for finding the ace of spades in a deck of cards. This signal is called:
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a discriminative stimulus (indicates some contingency - reinforcement or punishment - will occur if a paticular behavior is emitted.
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To reduce a client's fear of cats, a behavioral psychologist has the client imagine aproaching a cat and then, when the anxiety occurs, pair that image with deep muscle relaxation. This technique is known as:
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systematic desensitization (originally referred to as reciprocal inhibition by Wolpe)
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If a person learns a behavior through modeling coupled with external reinforcement, why, according to Bandura, would that behavior continue in the absence of a model or external reinforcement?
a. The accomplishment of new behavioral skills can be reinforcing in itself b. The process of response generalization makes further modeling and reinforcement unnecessary c. The process of classical conditioning ensures that the behavior will continue, as long as antecedent stimulus conditions remain the same d. Individuals do not need any type of motivation to learn a new behavior; mere exposure to a model is sufficient |
According to Bandura, the effectiveness of modeling is mediated by four processes: attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. Motivation may but does not necessarily involve external reinforcement; it is also possible that behaviors learned through modeling can be internally or self-reinforcing (e.g., pride and satisfaction in accomplishment can operate as motivators).
You might have learned that Bandura does not believe that reinforcement is necessary for a behavior to occur and, as a result, chosen D. However, D is incorrect because mere exposure to a model is not sufficient for learning; the person must attend to the model, retain the model's behavior, have the capability to reproduce the behavior, and be motivated to engage in the behavior. |
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When undertaking token economies with seriously disturbed individuals in mental institutions, one of the major problems with the program's efficacy has to do with
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Token economies are commonly used in institutional settings. A problem with them is that behaviors learned often fail to generalize to the real world, since tokens are not available in the real world every time we do something right
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In Seligman's theory of learned optimism, attributions of optimistic people are:
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opposite of attributions of depressed people and Since depressed people make internal, stable, and global attributions to negative events, optimistic people would tend to make external, unstable, and specific attributions in response to negative events.
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Research has confirmed that behavioral techniques that reduce or eliminate a behavior are more effective when they are combined with techniques that increase alternative behaviors. This probably explains why __________ is often an effective intervention.
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Differential reinforcement
It not only uses extinction to eliminate an undesirable behavior but also reinforces the individual for engaging in alternative behaviors |
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When using punishment to modify behavior, habituation is most likely to be a problem when:
and can be reduced by: |
Gradually increasing the intensity of punishment over time (i.e., beginning with a weak form of punishment and then gradually increasing its intensity) increases the likelihood that habituation will occur.
In contrast giving brief “vacations,” alternatively applying different methods of punishment, and restricting punishment to 1-2 behaviors (rather than multiple behaviors) are useful for reducing habituation |
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After being exposed to a loud noise while playing with a rat, Watson's 11-month old Little Albert not only avoided the rat, but also avoided a rabbit, a dog, and cotton. This is an example of
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STIMULUS generalization (not to be confused with response generalization).
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A behavior therapist would likely view anxiety as the result of:
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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING; in which an aversive stimulus or negative life event served as an unconditioned stimulus(anxiety is an involuntary response)
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Research on the effects of normal aging on episodic and semantic memory has found that
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Normal aging has been found to most affect episodic memory which contains memory for specific events including one's autobiography. Semantic memory, which is memory for facts and rules and procedural memory -- which refers to memory for how to do things are less affected by normal aging
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Bandura: The key requirements for successful mastery of modeling are:
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guided and graded practice (starting out with something easier ensures early success)
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Memory impairment in Alzheimer’s dementia:
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episodic and semantic memory (declarative memory) are effected more than procedural
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