Eppp Kara 2

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3 Stages of Alzheimer's Dementia

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In Stage 1, which lasts 2-4 years, short-term memory loss begins. Patients in this stage frequently complain about forgetting where they placed things. In Stage 2, which lasts 2-10 years, there is further memory impairment (mostly explicit rather than implicit) and they begin having difficulty performing complex tasks, such as balancing a checkbook or going grocery shopping. They may get lost in familiar places and become apathetic. In the final stage -- Stage 3, which lasts 1-3 years, there is serious impairment in most areas. During Stage 3 they may lose the ability to speak and become unable to recognize family, friends, or even themselves. They lose all capacity to care for themselves and have difficulty walking, are incontinent, and are ultimately bedridden and often die of an opportunistic respiratory infection.

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Patients with depression typically have:

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a more rapid onset of REM sleep, decreased percentage of slow wave sleep, and increased percentage of REM sleep.

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Sleep patterns

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OCD is associated with what part of the brain?

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Caudate Nucleus (so is ADHD)

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Same as ADHD

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Vivienne Cass stages of homosexual identity development, which is non-age specific.

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The stages are: identity awareness (conscious of being different); identity comparison (believes may be homosexual, acts heterosexual); identity tolerance (realizes is homosexual); identity acceptance (begins to explore gay community); identity pride (becomes active in gay community); and synthesis (fully accepts self and others).

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Dopamine Hypothesis was originally based on two important findings

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that antipsychotic medications, which can cause motor disturbances, affect dopamine in the brain; and that stimulants activate dopamine receptors.

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Eric Berne believes that this reflects a person's characteristic pattern of giving and receiving strokes.

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Berne called a person's life plan a script

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Social identity theory (Tajfel)

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people strive to maintain and enhance their self-esteem, and this is associated with two components: personal and social identity. Social identity theory states that social identity, the aspect of self-esteem based on group membership, is enhanced by believing one’s own group (the ingroup) is attractive and belittling the members of the other groups (the outgroups).

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Alzheimer's Dementia is most often associated with damage to the

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Temporal Lobe, This is consistent with the important role of the temporal lobe in long-term memory

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Richard Stuart use of operant conditioning and social exchange theory in marital therapy

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He encourages couples to focus on positive aspects of each other and to use reciprocal reinforcement or "quid pro quo." He maintained that in successful marriages rewards exceed costs and are built on positive reinforcement, rather than negative reinforcement, punishment, or coercion.

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Janet Helms' (1995) White Racial Identity Development Model, the final stage

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autonomy

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Rutter listed what as predictors of child psychopathology.

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low socioeconomic status, severe marital discord, large family size, parental criminality, and placement of children outside the home

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paradoxical intention

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is based on the assumption that a person avoids a certain behavior because of the anticipatory anxiety the behavior arouses. When a person deliberately engages in the behavior, a condition of incompatibility is set up and this condition serves to eliminate the anticipatory anxiety. The idea is that engaging in the behavior (or a wish to engage in the behavior) is incompatible with fear of that behavior and, consequently, the fear is neutralized.

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Factors that typically distinguish Dissociative Amnesia from amnesia due to known physical causes:

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in Dissociative Amnesia, memory loss is primarily for autobiographical information, cognitive abilities are usually preserved, and memory loss can be reversed.

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Perceptual Organization index

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calculated with scores on picture completion, block design, and matrix reasoning.

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Processing Speed

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based upon digit symbol and symbol search.

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Verbal Comprehension index

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uses scores on the vocabulary, similarities, and information subtests.

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differential validity

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when it has different validity coefficients for different groups, which is what is suggested by different regression line slopes in a scatterplot.

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divergent validity

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The extent a test does not correlate with measures of an unrelated construct

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Holland's theory on career choice.

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proposes that interests are actually determined by personality. In addition, it proposes that workers will be happy and most productive when their personality matches the characteristics of the work environment.

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serial position effect and memory

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predicts that the poorest recall will be for information in the middle of a list. Research on the serial position effect has shown that memory for information at the beginning and end of a list varies, depending on whether there is a delay before recall is required. When there is a brief delay, memory for information at the beginning of the list is better than memory for information at the end of the list.

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D. G. Perry and K. Bussey theory of aggression in children

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focus on family interaction factors in the development of aggressive behavior. They propose that aggression is related to parental rejection and lack of warmth and use of harsh forms of discipline.

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A low selection ratio

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means that there's lots of applicant to choose from (which is preferable to having only a few to choose from).

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Moderate base rate

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is preferable to a high or low base rate because this means that there's room for improvement in the selection process.

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Types of sensory memory

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Visual stimuli are stored as "iconic" memories; auditory stimuli are stored as "echoic" memories; and kinesthetic stimuli are stored as "haptic" memories.

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Criterion Contamination

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If the rater knows the ratees' scores on the predictor, the rating process can be contaminated. it results in a spuriously high validity coefficient.

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Additive tasks

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permit the addition of individual efforts so that the outcome is a combination of individual contributions. The combined efforts of all group members will determine if the tasks are completed and team members receive a bonus.

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compensatory tasks

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the average performance of all group members represents the group's product.

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disjunctive tasks

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the group must choose one of many alternative ways to do the task. Thus, performance on a task depends on the performance of the most competent group member, because if one person can complete the task, the task gets completed.

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conjunctive tasks

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everyone must achieve a given goal in order for the task to be complete. As a result, task performance depends on the performance of the least competent group member.

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Brain imaging techniques have identified abnormalities in which areas among people with Tourette Syndrome, Autistic Disorder, and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

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frontal lobes and basal ganglia

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Which of the following proposed a behavioral theory of career decision making?

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Krumboltz

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Lewin's field theory

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focused on the immediate present

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Glasser’s Reality Therapy

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when an individual is capable of fulfilling his or her own needs for survival, power, belonging, freedom and fun, without harming self or infringing on the rights of others, then he or she has developed a “success identity.” When the needs are met irresponsibly then the individual has developed a “failure identity

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Habituation

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the term is used when a person no longer responds to a stimulus that is repeatedly presented

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Research on subordinates' satisfaction with their leader at work has found that the strongest determinant is:

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consideration and task orientation

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The ability to "conserve" develops during which stage?

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Concrete operational

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factors which contribute to groupthink

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high cohesiveness, homogeneous backgrounds and values, and a strong, directive leader

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Although there is a genetic component to all personality disorders, there is a strong evidence of a genetic component in:

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Antisocial, Schizotypal, Schizoid, & Paranoid

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central limit theorem

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the shape of a sampling distribution of means approaches normality as sample size increases

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Bandura's Participant modeling

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sometimes called contact desensitization or modeling with guided participation) refers to the technique of demonstrating a task and then having the client participate. Participant modeling has the additional benefit of increasing the client's feelings of self-efficacy

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Holland's six personality types for career choice

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Realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising & conventional

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hexagonal shape

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House's Path-Goal theory: Instrumental leaders

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provide specific guidelines and establish clear rules and procedures

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House's Path-Goal theory: Supportive leaders

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establish supportive relationships with subordinates

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House's Path-Goal theory: Participative leaders

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include subordinates in decision-making

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House's Path-Goal theory: Achievement-oriented leaders

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set challenging goals and encourage higher levels of performance

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Chin & Benne's Organizational Change Strategies: Empiracle-Rational

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based on the assumption that people are basically rational and if they have all relevant info about a sit, will act in accord with their self-interest

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Chin & Benne's Organizational Change Strategies: Normative-Reeducative

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social norms underlie patterns of behavior in organizations. focus on changing attitudes, values, and relationships in order to bring about change and acceptance of change

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Chin & Benne's Organizational Change Strategies: Power-Coercive

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uses rewards, punishment, or legitimate authority to coerce employees to comply with change.

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Individual decision making: Rational-Economic Model

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attempt to find the optimal solution. search for all possible solutions and weigh alternatives until they make a decision that results in the greatest benefit for the org, "maximizing."

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Individual decision making: Administrative Model

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evlauate solutions as they become available and selecting the first solution that is minimally acceptable, "satisficing."

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Driver's decision making styles: decisive

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satisficing and uni-focused, speed and efficiency, inflexible and shortsighted

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Driver's decision making styles: flexible

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satisficing, multi-focus. moves fast, willing to drop s/t in favor of another, little structure

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Driver's decision making styles: hierarchic

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maximizing and uni-focus. use a lot of info to identify the best solution, work to develop a detailed specific plan. thorough, tend to be rigid and over-controlling.

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Driver's decision making styles: integrative style

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maximizing and mulit-focus. uses a lot of info to evaluation situations and develop a variety of solutions. pursue several courses of actions simultaneously, value creativity. best with groups

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Driver's decision making styles: systemic

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complex, combines hierarchic and integrative. maximizing, but can be uni-focused and multi-focused. produces multiple, detailed solutions, with long-term goals, but details apply to near future.

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Highest rate of suicide in what age group:

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over 85 years old (70 per 100,000)

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largest group of child abuse victims

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under 2 years old (63%, average age 15.5 months)

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Sensorimotor stage

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birth to 2, child learns about objects through sensory info, achieves object permanence and deferred imitation

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preoperational stage

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2-7, extraordinary increase in symbolic thought, limited by egocentrism, magical thinking, animism, conservation, centration

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concrete operational stage

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7-12, develops reversibility and decentration, conservation develops sequentially, transitivity, hierarchical classification

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formal operational stage

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12 onward, begins to process abstract, hypothetical info, hypothetical-deductive reasoning and propositional thought, egocentrism, imaginary audience and personal fable, not everyone reaches this stage.

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Secure attachment

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actively explore , friendly but prefer mother to stranger, distress when mom leaves, seeks comfort when she returns, mothers are emotionally sensitive and responsive

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anxious/avoidant attachment

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uninterested in environment, show little distress when mom leaves and avoid her when she returns, mothers are either impatient and nonrespnosive or overly responsive, involved and stimulating

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anxious/resistant attachment

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anxious even when their mother is present, become very destressed when she leaves, ambivalent when she returns and may resist her attempts to make contact, wary of strangers, even with mom, mothers are inconsistent in their responses, sometimes being indifferent and other times enthusiastic

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disorganized/disoriented attachment

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show conflicting responses to their mother and alternate between avoidance/resistance and proximity-seeking. dazed, confused and apprehensive, children usually have been maltreated

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Kohlberg's moral development I. Preconventional

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Stage 1: Punishment and obedience orientation, avoids punishment Stage 2: instrumental hedonistic orientation, that which satisfies is moral

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Kohlberg's II. Conventional

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Stage 3: good boy-good girl (social relations), maintains the approval of relatives and friends, Stage 4: Auth and social order, maintaining orientation, obeying society's laws and rules

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Kohlberg's III. Post-conventional

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Stage 5: social contract and individual rights orientation, upholds laws, but recognizes that they can be ignored or changed, Stage 6: universal ethical principles orientation, fundamental universal ethical principles that transcend legal standards

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Freud's stages

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oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital

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Erikson's stages

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trust v. mistrust, autonomy v. shame and doubt, initialtive v. guilt, industry v. inferiority, indentity v. identity confusion, intamacy v. isolation, generativity v. stagnation, and ego integrity v. despair

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PKU

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2 recessive genes, lacks enzyme to digest phenylalanine, causes severe MR, can be prevented by diet until 6-9 years old.

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two recessive genes disorders

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PKU, Tay-Sachs disease, sickle-cell anemia, and cystic fibrosis

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Klinefelter's syndrome

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affects males and caused by an extra X chrom, show incomplete development of secondary sex characteristics and are often sterile

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Turner's syndrome

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all or part of the second X chrom is missing in a female, do not develop secondary sex characteristics and are sterile, short stature, stubby fingers and webbed neck

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Fragile X syndrome

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weak site on the X chromosome, more evident in males, mod to sev retardation, facial deformities, and rapid, staccato speech

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SSRI's

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fluoxetine (prozac), paroxetine (paxil), & sertraline(zoloft)

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tricyclics

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imipramine (tofranil), clomipramine (anafranil), and amitriptyline (elavil)

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MAOI's (atypical depression)

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phenelzine (nardil) & tranylcypromine (parnate)

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Salvador Minuchin family therapy

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Structural family therapy and is based on and extends general family systems theory. The goal is to restructure maladaptive family structures, including family subsystems and boundaries.

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Meyer’s (2003) minority stress model

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distinguishes between distal factors, which are external, objective events and conditions, and proximal factors, which are an individual’s perceptions and appraisals of events and conditions identifies three proximal stressors –– expectations of rejection, concealment of sexual orientation, and internalized homophobia. Minority group status and exposure to “prejudice events” such as discrimination and violence are identified as a distal events or as an
“environmental circumstance”

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Tourette's disorder

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DSM requires the presence of multiple motor tics and one or more vocal tics for at least one year.