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52 Cards in this Set
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Social Psychology
Glossary Actor-Observer Effect |
In causal attribution, tendency for observer to oversetimate effects of dispositional factors when making attribution about actor's behavior but to overestimate effects of situational factors when making self-attributions.
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Social Psychology
Glossary Attitude Inoculations |
Method of reducing effectiveness of persuasive message based on medical model; involves giving recipient of message arguments against own position and weak counterargument (refutations agoinst those arguments). Inoculation found particularly effective for reducing persuasibilty.
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Social Psychology
Glossary Attribution (Dimensions) |
Causal attributions often described in terms of 3 dimensions: internal/external (dispositional/situational); stable/unstable; and specific/global.
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Social Psychology
Glossary Autokinetic Effect |
Sherif used the autokinetic effect (appearance that a staionary point of light is moving) to study conformity to group norms.
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Social Psychology
Glossary Bases of Social Power |
Methods used to induce compliance in another person. French and Raven identified 6 bases of social power: coercive, reward, expert, legitimate, referent, and informational.
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Social Psychology
Glossary Bystander Apathy |
Tendency of people to not intervene in emergency situations when others are present. Bystander apathy attributed to 3 factors: social comparison, evaluation of apprehension, and diffuse or responsibility.
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Social Psychology
Glossary Cathersis Hypothesis |
Predicts that act of aggression reduces indv.'s arousal level which then decreases likelihood of acting aggressively again in near future. Research not supportive of this claim.
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Social Psychology
Glossary Central Traits |
Characteristics that have greater impact than others on impression formation.
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Social Psychology
Glossary Characteristics of Communication |
Several characteristics of communicator affect its persuasiveness- e.g., level of discrepancy btwn two positions of the recipient and the message, the order in which two sides of argument presented (primacy/recency effects), and whether the message is intentionally delivered or is overheard.
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Social Psychology
Glossary Characteristics of Communicator |
research on attitude change confirmed that credible communicators more persauasive. One factor that contributes to credibility is trustworthiness.
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Social Psychology
Glossary Cognitive Dissonance Theory |
festinger's theory of attitude change proposes that inconsistencies in cognitions produce discomfort (dissonance), which motivates indv. to reduce dissonance by changing cognitions.
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Social Psychology
Glossary Contact Hypothesis |
Proposes that prejudice may be reduced through contact btwn members of majority and minority groups as long as following conditions are met: members of different groups have equal status and power and provided w/opportunities that disconfirm their negative stereotypes about members of other groups.
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Social Psychology
Glossary Deindividuation Model |
State of nrelative anonymity that allows indv to feel unidentifiable. Deindividuation associated w/increases in antisocial behaviors, b/c deindividuated person's behavior no longer controlled by guilt, fear of evaluation, or other inhibitory factors.
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Social Psychology
Glossary Effects of Crowding |
Crowded conditions tend to enhance positive experiences and increase unpleasantness of negative experiences. Males seem to be more stressed by crowded conditions and more likely to react w/increased aggression; apparently b/c males require more personal space.
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Social Psychology
Glossary Effects of Media Violence |
Controversy about effects of media violence fueled by research on observational (social) learning. Although evidence to support each side - violence either increases or decreases violence - found in literature, in general, media violence does not seem to have a cathartic effect, but instead, increases viewer aggressiveness.
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Social Psychology
Glossary Effects of Porno |
Research assessing exposure to violent porno generally found that it not onle increases aggressuve behavior but also promotes greater acceptance of violence against women.
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Social Psychology
Glossary Elaboration Likelihood Model |
ELM: a cognitive theory of attitude change that distinguished btwn two informational processing routes - central and peripheral. Relaince on central route requires greater mental effort and produces loner-lasting attitude change.
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Social Psychology
Glossary Emotion-In-Relationship Model |
A model of emotion in relationships that proposes there is an innate mechanism that generates emotion in response to unexpected events that disrupts ongoing sequences of behaviors.
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Social Psychology
Glossary Equity Theory |
Theory of motivation that predicts that motivation (e.g., motivation to remain in a relationship) affected b comparison of input/output ratios.
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Social Psychology
Glossary Field Theory |
Lewin's theory of huan behavior that dewscribes it as a product of interdependent factors in the person and his/her physical or social environment.
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Social Psychology
Glossary Fundamental Attribution Bias |
Attribution error in which observer tends to overestimate dispositional causes and underestimate situational causes when making attributions about an actor's behavior.
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Social Psychology
Glossary Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis |
Theory that aggression is always motivated by frustration. Revised version predicts that frustration leads to aggression in the presence of aggressive cues.
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Social Psychology
Glossary Gain-Loss Effect |
Predicts that liking related to pattern rather than amt. of rewards - specifically, people tend to be attracted most to indv who show increasing liking for them and to be least attracted to indv who show decreasing liking for them.
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Social Psychology
Glossary Gender Differences in Affiliation |
Research shows females spend more time engaged in conversation, are more likely to talk to people of same sex, and may affiliate more than males do in public places.
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Social Psychology
Glossary Heterosexism & Sexual Prejudice |
Herek defines HETEROSEXISM as "an ideological system that denies, denigrates, and stigmatizes among nonheterosexual forms of behavior, identity, relationships, or community;" and SEXUAL PREJUDICE as "negative attitudes based on sexual orientation, whether target is homosexual, bisexual or heterosexual."
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Social Psychology
Glossary Illusory Correlation |
Refers to tendency to see relationship btwn variables not actually related.
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Social Psychology
Glossary Jigsaw Method |
Method of learning in which assignments must be completed byteams w/each team member being assigned a different peice of the project; also improves academic achievement, especially for members of minority groups.
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Social Psychology
Glossary Learned Helplessness |
Learned expectation that one cannot control negative life events, which leads to apathy and depression; associated w/internal, stable and global attributions.
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Social Psychology
Glossary Minority Influence |
Research shows that minority can influence majority by maintaining consisyent (but not dogmatic) position.
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Social Psychology
Glossary Misery Loves Miserable Company |
Schacyer's conclusion that people like to affiliate w/those in similar circumstances (i.e., miserable people tend to prefer to affiliate with other miserable people).
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Social Psychology
Glossary Motivational Conflicts |
Lewin distinguished btwn 3 motivayional conflicts - approach/approach; avoidance/avoidance; and approach/avoidance. Letter involves goal that has both positive and negative aspects and particularly difficult to resolve.
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Social Psychology
Glossary Obediance to Authority (Milgram) |
Controversial research that evaluated participants;\' willingness to obey high-status indv even when doing so seemed to harm another person.
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Social Psychology
Glossary Overjustification Hypthesis |
Notion that, when people are externally rewarded for a task they previously found intrinsically interesting, their intrinsic interest in task decreases.
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Social Psychology
Glossary Prison Study (Zimbardo) |
Prison simulation study which demonstrated that people alter their behaviors to fit their assigned roles.
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Social Psychology
Glossary Pseudopatient Study (Rosenhan) |
Research demostrated that roles of social context and labeling on impression formation. Once admitted to mental hospital, pseudopatients were viewed, esp. by staff, as mental pts even though they no longer exhibited any abnormal behaviors.
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Social Psychology
Glossary Psychological Reactance |
Tendency to resist being influenced or manipulated by others, usually done by doing the opposite of what is desired or expected.
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Social Psychology
Glossary Robber's Cave Studies (Sherif) |
Research at boy's camp that demonstrated that the most effective way to reduce intergroup hostilities is having members of the groups cooperate to achieve a mutual goal.
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Social Psychology
Glossary Schachter & Singer's Epinephrine Studies |
Research on perception of emotion that showed that there are physiological differences btwn emotions and that perceptions of emotion depends on combination of physiological arousal and cognitive label for that arousal.
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Social Psychology
Glossary Schemata (Schemas) |
Cognitive structures that organize past info and experience and provide framework for processing and understanding new info and experience.
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Social Psychology
Glossary Self-Monitoring |
S\Refers to need for and ability to manage impression that others form of us. High self-monitors most concerned w/"public self" and thus strive to match attitudes and behaviors to situation; Low elf=monitors guided by own beliefs and values and attempt to alter situations to match "private self."
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Social Psychology
Glossary Self-Perception Theory |
individuals make attributions abiut their own attitudes and behaviors on basis of observation of their behaviors and other external cues.
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Social Psychology
Glossary Self-serving Bias |
In causal attributions, tendency to attribute one's successes to internal factors and failures to external factors.
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Social Psychology
Glossary Self-Verification Theory |
predicts that people prefer accurate info (ifo consistent w/one's self-eval).
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Social Psychology
Glossary Social Comparison Theory |
individuals use other (usually similar) people as sources of comparison to eval own attitudes and behaviors.
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Social Psychology
Glossary Social Exchange Theory |
interpersonal relationships that focuses on magnitude of costs and rewards.
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Social Psychology
Glossary Social learning Theory |
Type of learning that occurs simply as the result of observing the behavior of a model; used to explain the acquisition of aggressive behaviors.
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Social Psychology
Glossary Social judgment Theory |
Theory of attitude change that predicts that we have 3 "categories of judgment" by which we eval. persuasive messages - latitude of acceptance, latitude of non-commitment, and latitude of rejection - and that we most likely persuaded when message is within latitude of acceptance.
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Social Psychology
Glossary Superordinate Goals |
Goals that can be achieved only when indv or members of diff. group work together cooperatively; found useful for reducing intergroup conflict.
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Social Psychology
Glossary Smybolic (Modern) Racism |
Theory about current, less blatant forms of racism that reflect combination of anti-African-American attitudes, strong support for traditional American values, (work ethic) and belief that African americans violate those values.
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Social Psychology
Glossary Theory of Planned Behavior |
Predicts that attitudes are accurate predictors when attitude measure assesses all 3 components of behavioral intention - person's attitude toward engaging in the behavior, what person believes other people think should be done, and person's perceived behavioral control.
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Social Psychology
Glossary Threat of Retaliation |
Often reduces aggressiveness, esp. when it comes from person w/high status or power.
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Social Psychology
Glossary Zeigarnik Effect |
tendency to remember interrupted and unfinished taske better than completed ones.
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