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118 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Qualitative Change |
Piaget, Erikson, Freud: Stage based, not mastering a stage impacts later stages. Fundemental differences in development
Quantitative: Robbie Case, Additive model, change based on maturation, is gradual and uniform over time. |
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*Bronfenbrenner
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-Microsystem: Everyday relationships (parent child, child school)
-Mesosystem: Interaction between microsystem (parent-school) -Exosystem: Relationship between 2 or more settings but somebody not present (kid impacted by parent's work) -Macrosystem: Culture, religion, political systems -Chronosystem: Passage of time and the impact of life events (birth of sibling, war, etc) |
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Normative Events:
Age graded Normative Events History Graded Normative Events Non-Normative Influences |
Age graded Normative Events (commonly experienced by ppl of particular age ex. kindergarten
History Graded Normative: experienced by cohort (war) Non-Normative Influences: Unusual events having major impact (death, birth defect, fire) |
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Critical Period
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Stage must be mastered or further stages can't be. Ex. embryonic stage (organs must develop or won't function right). Also ducks/imprinting.
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Sensitive Period
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If stage/skill not mastered, it can be done later but may be difficult (ex. language)
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RNA has a role in ___ and ____
Human cell has __ pairs of chromosomes |
Role in memory as well as genetics
23 |
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Genotype
Phenotype |
Genotype: Whats in person's genes (carrying)
Phenotype: observable characteristics |
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Autosomes
Sex chromosomes |
Unrelated to sexual experssion - we have 22.
xx-female, xy, male |
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Klinefelters Syndrome
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Men only
extra x - xxy Taller, less IQ (90) secondary sex characteristics (breast, small testies, high voice). Can't have children (typically marry though) |
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Turners Syndrom
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Woman
Missing X - (XO) Normal IQ, Short in stature and webbed neck/extra folds) |
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Down's Syndrom
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Trisomy 21
3 chromosomes on chromosome 21. Mental retardation, deformaties |
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PKU (Phenylketonuria)
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Autosomal, recessive (both parents must carry). Can't matabolize phenylalanine, if detected early can have appropriate diet
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Hemophilia
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Sex linked, recessive.
more common in males. Requires transfusions w/blood clotting blood |
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Sicke cell anema
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recessive. fragile red blood cells, clog vessels causing anemia, pain, stunted growth
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Prenatal Development stages (3 stages)
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1.Germinal - 2 weeks, zygote attaches to wall
2.Embryonic - 2-8 weeks, organ dev. most vulnerable to teratogenic agents 3.Fetal - 8 - birth. growth in a cephalocaudal fashion (top down). |
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Prenatal Dev Maternal Factors
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Nutrition: most detremental when in utero
Alcohol: FAS (lifelong)-symptoms include facialdeformities, retarded growth, heart defects, MR, hyperactivity, irritability Cocaine: Spontaneous abortion, low birth weight Nicotine: still birth, SIDS, low birth weight, cog difficulties Lead; low birth weight, MR |
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Sexual Dimorphism
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differences in sexes of same species. Humans have less differences than other species
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Infant Reflexes
Moro Rooting Babinski Grasp |
Moro: Extends legs/arms (startle)
Rooting: Turn head/open mouth, sucking Babinski: Spread tows/twist foot when stroked Grasp: Fist around object placed in hand |
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Perceptual Development - Senses. Developed at birth except ____? last and first visual cue to develop? |
Vision. 20-20 between 6months and 2 years. Pictorial -perspective for depth/distant perception (kinetic cue is developed early (created by movements of objects) |
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Motor Skill Development
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6 wks: Head erect
2-3 mths: roll over 6-7 mths: Sit alone/crawl 7-8 mths: stand w/support 11 mths: stand alone 11-13 mths: Walk alone 16 mths: walk up steps 24 months: toilet training 6-7 yrs: New stage, smooth movements, athletic |
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Brain Dev:
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birth: 25-33% of adult size
2 yrs: 75% 5 yrs: 90% |
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Plasticity
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If 1 hemesphere damaged before 7 or 8, brain can compensate.
Handedness develops after 7 or 8 due to less plasticity |
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Myelination
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continues into 20's
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Puberty: ages, girls and boys
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girls: 10-12, boys 12-14.
Early maturation better for boys, mixed for girls. effects wash out by 12th grade |
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Menopause
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45-55 yrs old. Not a high rate of psych problems, mood swings, etc.
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Primary Aging
Secondary Aging |
Primary: wear and tear
Secondary: Result of disease, disuse, neglect |
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Sexual Activity and age
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Frequency of sex in earlier years
Men: 70s/80s, woman: Life long. Availability of partners is biggest barrier for women |
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Social Buffer Hypothesis
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Perception of social support more important than actual degree of social support
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Language Development
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1. Crying
2. Cooing 6-12 wks 3. Babbling 6-10 mths 4. work Comprehension 9-10 mths 5. Echolalia 9-10 mths 6. Holographic speech (1 word) 12-18 mths 7. Telegraphic speech 18-24 mths |
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Holophrasic Speech
Phoneme Morpheme |
1 word sentences (12-18 mths)
Phomeme (smallest unit of speech - 'da' Morphome: smallest meaningful term 'daddy' |
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15 month old has how many words? Fastest language growth between? |
15: 10 between 30 and 36 months |
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Telegraphic Speech
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2 word sentences, 18-24 months
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Babbling sounds age-then when it narrows?
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at 6 months they babble, then at 9 months babbling only happens in native language. prior to that, all sounds. Even true w/deaf kids.
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Nativist View of Language aquisition
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Chompsky - children have a language acquisition device (LAD). supported by uniform way in which children learn language
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Nuturist View of Language Development
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Language developed based on interaction w/environment and rewards
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Interactionist View
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Combines nurture and nativist view. Most favored
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Sapir Whorf Hypothesis/Whorf’s linguistic relativity hypothesis
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Language influences how we think. ex, circular languages > circular thinking.
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Dyslexia: Rate?
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3-20%, more in Lower SES
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Deep Dyslexia
Surface Dyslexia Phonological Dyslexia Neglect |
Deep Dyslexia: misreads word for one w/similar meaning
Surface Dyslexia: Can't recognize words, sounds them out. Come would be a problem- Home - Dome Phonological Dyslexia: can't read nonwords, like sqiflish, otherwise no problems. Neglect: Misses 1st or 2nd half of word. |
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Piaget - idiographic work
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Studied relatively few children intensely
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Piaget: Epigenesis
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Epigenesis: Growth/development occurs in stages, each is built on mastery of previous stage.
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Piaget: 3 principles
Organization Adaptation Assimilation Accomodation Equilibrium |
Organization: Dev increasingly complex systems of knowledge. Schemata (cog structures)
Adaptation (changing structures) Assimilation (assim to - plane is a bird - ass) Accomodation (Accom in) Equilibration: Strive for balance in person, schemas, environment - helps move to next needed stage when imbalance is felt. |
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Decalage
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Unevenness in development
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Piaget - 4 stages - list them:
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Sensorimotor 0-2 (when lang develops)
Preoperational Stage 2-7 Concrete Operations 7-11 Formal Operations 11-adolescence |
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sensory motor stage 0-2 years
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-Learn through sensory observation, interacting w/environment
Object Permanence Symbolic Representation (using symbols/words to represent things) |
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Preoperational Stage 2-7
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intuitive thinking (lack of logic/deduction)
Egocentrisim: Unable to take others standpoint Phenomenalistic Causality: inaccurate cause/effect-transductive reasoning Animism: teddy bear has feelings Irreversibility: Can't undue something (ball of clay, smooshed)) Centration: inability to focus on 2 things at same time (grandma is mothers mother. Line vs. pile of coins) |
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Concrete Operations 7-11
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Operational Thought: Logical thought, serialization, reason.
Conservation: Recognize that forms may change, objects retain characteristics. Opposite of irriversability |
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Formal Operations 11-adolescence
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Deductive, if>then thinking
-metecognition |
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Piaget Criticism
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Underestimate abilities at certain ages. Lack of cultural issues addressed
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Piaget Constructivism
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Knowledge based on learning and interacting w/environment.
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Piaget and Peers
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Believed peers impact cognitive dev more than parents based on being at a similar level of development.
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Vygotsky's Developmental Theory of Cognition
Zone of proximal development |
Cog Dev results from social interactions/relationship
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Vygotsky's Developmental Theory of Cognition
Zone of proximal development |
distance between what a child can do independently vs what they can do w/out guidance. Optimal area to target new skills.
Led to Scaffolding and recipricol teaching (discussion of problem solving; interactive) |
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Information Processing Model
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Quantitative model; information processing/improvement is gradual and based on development and maturation.
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Elkind: Adolescent thinking
Personal Fable Imaginary Audience |
Personal Fable: Adolescents belief that rules don't apply to them, leads to risk taking.
Imaginary Audience: Audience around at all times, leads to self consciousness. |
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Aging:
*Crystallized intelligence Fluid Intelligence |
Crystallized intelligence: Verbal concepts, well learned. WAIS Vocab, Information, Comprehension
Fluid Intelligence: Ability to perform a novel task - peaks in adolescence, then declines. |
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Aging: Memory
Short term memory - 2 types |
SHort term memory=30 secs
Primary Memory: "holding tank", no manipulation Working Memory: Hold and manipulate (digit reversal) |
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Causes of memory decline
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Hippocampus Apathy (shrinks)
Decreased Neurotransmitters (AcH) |
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Long term memory and aging
Episodic Memory Semantic Memory Procedural Memory |
long term shows most decline
Episodic Memory: What u had for lunch, did u lock the car - largest decline Semantic: facts, stays intact procedural: Motor memory (ride a bike), stays intact |
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Piaget
2 stages of morality heteronomous Autonomous |
heteronomous morality (5-10): egocentric, rigid thinking about morality. Authority figures make rules, follow w/out question.
Autonomous morality (10-): flexibility in thinking. Rules are flexible, changed if needed. |
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Kohlberg - 3 stages, 2 substages in each
(PCP) |
Preconventional (4-10): Act out of self interest
a. Punishment-obedience (avoid punishment) b. Instrumental Hedonism (get rewards for following rules Conventional (10-13) a. Good boy/Good girl: gain approval for obedience b. Law and Order: Doing ones duty for social order Post Conventional Morality (early as 13, or never) a. Morality of contract/individual rights/democratically accepted laws: Values welfare of society b. Morality of principles oc Conscience: based on what individual believes is right, regardless of law/opinions of others. Act in accordance of internalized Standards |
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Kohlberg - all 6 stages include
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4-10
1. Punishment/Obedience 2. Instrumental Hedenism 10-? 3. Good boy/Good girl 4. Law and Order Early as 13 or never 5. Morality of Contract/Ind. Rights/Democratically Accepted Laws 6. Morality of Individual Principles of Contract |
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Gilligan - men vs. women
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Justice Perspective: Males focus on fairness/justice
Caring Perspective: Women focus on conflict between their needs and others/their responsibilities for others |
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Gilligan Stages - 3 Adolescence girls difficult time because they are conflicted between? |
1. Orientation of Individual Survival: Woman focuses on what is best for her. Individual characteristic and stereotypic role demands |
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Development of Conscience: Kochanska
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Inhibitory Control/low impulsivity (trait)
Parenting Style: -Mutual positive affect between mom and child -low power assertion by mother -maternal empathy |
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Freud Psychosexual Stages
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0-1: Oral
1-3 : Anal (toilet training) 3-5: Phalic (focus on genitals) 5/6-12: Latency (quiet period) 12-18: Genital |
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Erikson: 8 stages/crisis and resulting strength
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1: (0-1) Trust vs. Mistrust: Hope
2. (1-3) Autonomy vs. Shame/doubt: Will 3: (3-5/6) Initiative vs. Guilt: Purpose 4. (5/6-12) Industry vs. Inferiority: Competence 5. (12-18) Identity Vs. Role Confusion: Fidelity 6: (18-35) Intimacy vs. isolation: Love 7. (35-60) Generativity vs. stagnation: Care 8. (60+) Integrity vs. despair: Wisdom |
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Mahler - 6 stage model focused on ____ and ____?
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Separation: Separate physical entity
Individuation: Psychologically distinct individual |
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Mahler 6 stages
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1. (1 mth) Normal Infantile Autism: unaware of external world (less supported by research)
2. (2-4 mths) Symbiosis: baby and mother are one. 3. (5-10 mths Differentiation: distinguishes self/other - stranger anxiety shows up. 4. (10-16 mths) Practicing: baby can physically separate; walk/crawl - separation anxiety 5. (16-24 mths) Rapproachment: Increased need for mother to share experience 6. Object constancy (2-3 yrs): Object permanence and unifying good and bad into one whole |
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Levinson: Seasons of a man's life. 8 stages
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1. Early adult transition
2. Entering adult world (17-22) 3. Age 30 transition (22-28) - stressful, realize little time to establish life 4. Settling Down (33-40) 5. Midlife transition (40-45): Time since birth > time till death 6. Middle adulthood (45-50) 7. Age 50 transition (50) 8. Later adulthood: Retirement/death |
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Attachment - Conrad Lorenze
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Attachment is instinctual
Imprinting (critical period) - ducks |
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Attachment - Harlow
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Wire/cloth surrogate monkey. Would go to cloth when upset -
"contact comfort"/tactile stimulation important |
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Attachment - bowlby
3 stages of reaction to maternal deprivation: |
1. Protest
2. Despair 3. Detachment (indifference) |
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Rene Spitz: Anaclytic Depression
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Weepy, withdrawal, insomnia, decline and health based on deprived maternal attention (6-8 months)
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Ainsworth - attachement. 3 styles, plus Main's = 4.
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Secure (65%)-When mother leaves room the baby cries and then seeks comfort when the baby comes back
insecure/avoidant (20%): Lack of closeness when leaving or returning. shows little distress when leaving the room. Aloof or overly intrusive caretaker. Mothers are impatient ???Ambivalent (10%): Clinging when left, happy when returned but resist closeness/comforting. Inconsistent caregiving. Disorganized-disoriented: Inconsistent responses (freeze, cry, resist); exhibit fear w/mother. Abusive caretaker or caretaker who has unresolved issues of being abused. |
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Attachment Research
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Style at 12-18 months impacts behavior in school/preschool.
Kids can attach into later childhood. |
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Parenting Patterns (Baumrind)
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1. Authoritarian: detached, less warm, controlling/punishing >"conflicted-irritable" kids w/more behavioral problems, moody, withdrawn, discontent.
Permissive: Value self expression/regulation. a. Permissive-Indifferent: few limits, little monitoring, detached > poor self control, interpersonal problems, demanding b. Permissive-Indulgent: Loving/available, few limits > impulsive, immature "impulsive-aggressive" Authoritative: Caring/available;fair/firm/reasonable. Set limits, provide structure, reasonable expectations > competent, independent "energetic-friendly" |
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Working Mothers
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leads to more egalitarian sex roles
middle class boys > slightly lower academic performance if in daycare vs. mother lower class boys (and girls) do better in daycare daycare > more socialability, but somewhat more aggression/disobedient |
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gay/lesbian parents
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equally adjusted, same rates of homosexuality
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single parents
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lower level of achievment; may be due to SES
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Gender Roles/Stages of Development (3)
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Gender Roles: from birth-life, expectations of appropriate roles
Gender Identity: Self as male/female (18 mths [sense of self] - 3 yrs) Gender Constancy: (age 5/6) Gender does not change w/dress or behavior |
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Gender Role Dev Theories
-Social Learning -Cog Dev model -Gender-Schema -Psychoanalytic |
Social Learning: Modeling
Cognitive-Dev Model: Cog concept becomes more clear. Kohlberg: Motivation to be "good/proper boys/girls". Criticism: gender roles appear w/in 1st 2 yrs of life Gender Schema Theory*: Most favored, create schemas based on cog schema (wants to fit in that schema) and reward/modeling. Psychoanalytic: Guilt based on Oedipus complex, identification w/same sex parent. |
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Development of Racial Awareness
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Aware of differences at 3/4 yrs. Begin to prefer same race playmates.
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Social Interaction - Levels of Social Play
1. Solitary 2. Parallel 3. Associative 4. Cooperative |
1. Solitary: alone, differnt toys
2. Parallel: indpendent, similar toys 3. Associative: Shares, but does not adopt roles (acts independently 4. Cooperative: Part of group/common goal |
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Social Interaction: Cognitive Play:
1. Repetitive 2. Constructive 3. Imaginative 4. formal games w/rules |
1. Repetitive: Rolling ball, simple movements.
2. Constructive Play: Builds something (blocks) 3. Imaginative: Fantasy/drama - try out new roles, master difficult feelings 4. Formal games w/rules: 7-11 yrs |
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Friendship and kids
gender differences factors impacting popularity |
same sex preference around 7-11
Girls: Quality of friends Boys: Quantity less popular: Less attractive, poor school performance, shyness |
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*Patterson's Coersion Model of Aggression (best way to intervene)
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1. Learned aggression by observing parents, unknowing reinforcment. Teach the parents in child management skills |
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Delinquency and Boys and broken homes
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unahppy intact homes lead to more delinquency/aggress than those from broken homes. possibly based on more neg contact w/father.
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Bullying victim risk factors
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Peer rejection
Submissive/crying behaviors |
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Bullying leads to:
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future violent behavior in and outside home.
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Teacher Interactions
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More interaction w/males (may be critical interactions)
Expectations impact performance (rosenthal effect) Girls praised for effort/cooperation, males for achievement |
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Cooperation Classrooms
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Integrates children of different levels; better for low ability kids.
leads to reduction in cultural biasis/stereotypes |
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Montessori Schools
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Max learning comes from manipulation of materials vs. rote learning.
Staggered ages in classrooms. |
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Adolescent Issues in Social Development (Marcia)
1. Identity Achievement 2. Forclosure 3. Moratorium 4. Identity Diffusion |
1. Identity Achievement: Struggled with crisis and resolved, lead to committment
2. Forclosure: Commits w/out considering options (based on expectations). Absence of crisis 3. Moratorium: in crisis, no committment> Achievement 4. Identity Diffusion: Lost, no commitment to goals/values. Crisis/commitment absent. |
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Adolescence/Culture tidbits
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AA sex earlier than hispanic/white
60% teens report condom use STD higher in poor/minority grps 1/8 kids drop out of school 4/5 prison inmates are HS dropouts drop outs 2xs more likely to be unemployed |
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Successful Aging:
Activity Theory Disengagement THeory |
Activity Theory: Old age is fullfuilling when active as long as possible
Disengagement Theory: Successful aging tied to graceful withdrawl from lifes activities (largely discredited) |
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Marital Satisfaction across lifespan
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Curvilinear: High earl on, lower in child rearing years, higher after kids are through teens.
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Women and aging:
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lower income (lowest grp in us)
More friends than men, less stats and sex partners |
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Stages of Grief (4 stages)
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1. Numbness
2. Yearning (anger/distress) 3. Disorganizaton/despair 4. Resolution/reorganization |
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Kubler Ross stages of dying:
DABDA |
Denial
Anger Bargening Depression Acceptance |
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Temperment - 3 categories
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Easy (40%)
Difficult (10%) Slow to warm up (15%) |
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Goodness of Fit - Temperment
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Parenting style done by Thomas and chess
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Emotional Expression Stages
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Infant: Distress, Content, Interest
6 months: joy, surprise, anger 7-9 months - smile/pout used to communicate 2 yrs: Embarrassment, empathy, envy Social Referencing: Sharing affective states of parents |
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7-10 universal primary emotions.
Located in subcortical limbic system, develop prior to thought |
Fear
anger disgust surprise joy shame contempt sadness interest. love/remorse: require higher cortical processes |
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Most critical aspect of healthy development in adolescence
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Self acceptance
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Risk Factors in Pathology
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Can be added to get sense (adversity index)
ex. Genes, poverty, access to care, maternal substance |
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Risk factors and Gender
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boys more suseptable from prenatal - 10 yrs.
Girls more so in adolescents |
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Protective Factors (Garmezy)
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Interpersonal view of protective factors:
personality Supportive family external support system |
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Sex-linked chromosomal abonormalities |
Turner, Klinefelter's, Fragile X-lower IQ, Hemophelia (on x chromosome) |
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Alterations in chromosomal structure: 1. Deletion 2. Translocation 3. inversion |
1. part of a chromosome is missing (e.g., Prader-Willi Syndrome are MR, obese, and possibly OCD) 2. transfer of a chromosome segment to another chromosome 3. chromosome breaks in two places and the segment formed by the breaks inverts and reataches |
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Premature birth and SGA |
less than 37 weeks is considered premature, but babies at least 3.3 lbs usually survive ad catch up to peers by age 2 or 3. Below the 10th percentile of gestational age (Small for Gestational Age) is more serious than being premature.: it means they developed at less than a normal rate and are at risk for asyphxia,respiratory disease, adhd, physical problems and learning disabilities |
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At birth this part of the brain is completely undeveloped |
Cerebral Cortex |
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infants 3 types of crying are distinct and convey? When do they develop a fussy irregular cry? |
hunger, ange =r, and pain (occurs at birth) Fussy and irregular between 1-2 months |
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Children show empathy and jealousy at what age
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18-24months
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Teacher feedback for boys and girls
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teachers criticize and help boys more than girls
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Socioemotional selectivity theory (developed by Stanford psychologist, Laura L. Carstensen)
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they place a high value on emotional satisfaction, older adults often spend more time with familiar individuals with whom they have had rewarding relationships.[1] selective narrowing of social interaction maximizes positive emotional experiences and minimizes emotional risks as individuals become older. According to this theory, older adults systematically hone their social networks so that available social partners satisfy their emotional needs |
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Where does neurogenenis occurs?
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the birth of neurons occurs mainly in the hippocampus and possibly other areas (most occurs prenatally, it occurs in adults a little)
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Age that the focus on life to birth changes to life to death?
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40-45
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