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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Qualitative Change |
Piaget, Erikson, Freud: Stage based, not mastering a stage impacts later stages. Fundemental differences in development
Quantitative: Robbie Case, Additive model, change based on maturation, is gradual and uniform over time. |
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*Bronfenbrenner
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-Microsystem: Everyday relationships (parent child, child school)
-Mesosystem: Interaction between microsystem (parent-school) -Exosystem: Relationship between 2 or more settings but somebody not present (kid impacted by parent's work) -Macrosystem: Culture, religion, political systems -Chromsystem: Passage of time and the impact of life events (birth of sibling, war, etc) |
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Normative Events:
Age graded Normative Events History Graded Normative Events Non-Normative Influences |
Age graded Normative Events (commonly experienced by ppl of particular age ex. kindergarten
History Graded Normative: experienced by cohort (war) Non-Normative Influences: Unusual events having major impact (death, birth defect, fire) |
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Critical Period
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Stage must be mastered or further stages can't be. Ex. embryonic stage (organs must develop or won't function right). Also ducks/imprinting.
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Sensitive Period
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If stage/skill not mastered, it can be done later but may be difficult (ex. language)
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RNA has a role in ___ and ____
Human cell has __ pairs of chromosomes |
Role in memory as well as genetics
23 |
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Genotype
Phenotype |
Genotype: Whats in person's genes (carrying)
Phenotype: observable characteristics |
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Autosomes
Sex chromosomes |
Unrelated to sexual experssion - we have 22.
xx-female, xy, male |
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Klinefelters Syndrome
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Men only
extra x - xxy Taller, less IQ (90) secondary sex characteristics (breast, small testies, high voice). Can't have children (typically marry though) |
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Turners Syndrom
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Woman
Missing X - (XO) Normal IQ, secondary sex characteristics (no menstration, ovulatio |
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Down's Syndrom
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Trisomy 21
3 chromosomes on chromosome 21. Mental retardation, deformaties |
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PKU (Phenylketonuria)
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Autosomal, recessive (both parents must carry). Can't matabolize phenylalanine, if detected early can have appropriate diet
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Hemophilia
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Sex linked, recessive.
more common in males. Requires transfusions w/blood clotting blood |
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Sicke cell anema
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recessive. fragile red blood cells, clog vessels causing anemia, pain, stunted growth
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Prenatal Development stages (3 stages)
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1.Germinal - 2 weeks, zygote attaches to wall
2.Embryonic - 2-12 weeks, organ dev. most vulnerable to teratogenic agents 3.Fetal - 8/12 weeks - birth. growth in a cephalocaudal fashion (top down). |
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Prenatal Dev Maternal Factors
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Nutrition: most detremental when in utero
Alcohol: FAS (lifelong) Cocaine: Spontaneous abortion, low birth wieght Nicotine: death, low birth rate |
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Sexual Dimorphism
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differences in sexes of same species. Humans have less differences than other species
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Infant Reflexes
Moro Rooting Babinski Grasp |
Moro: Extends legs/arms (startle)
Rooting: Turn head/open mouth, sucking Babinski: Spread tows/twist foot when stroked Grasp: Fist around object placed in hand |
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Perceptual Development - Senses. Developed at birth except ____?
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Vision. 20-20 between 6months and 2 years.
Can distinguish mothers face by 1 month |
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Motor Skill Development
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6 wks: Head erect
2-3 mths: roll over 6-7 mths: Sit alone 7-8 mths: stand w/support 11 mths: stand alone 11-13 mths: Walk alone 16 mths: walk up steps 24 months: toilet training 6-7 yrs: New stage, smooth movements, athletic |
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Brain Dev:
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birth: 25-33% of adult size
2 yrs: 75% 5 yrs: 90% |
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Plasticity
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If 1 hemesphere damaged before 7 or 8, brain can compensate.
Handedness develops after 7 or 8 due to less plasticity |
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Myelination
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continues into 20's
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Puberty: ages, girls and boys
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girls: 10-12, boys 12-14.
Early maturation better for boys, mixed for girls. effects wash out by 12th grade |
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Menopause
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45-55 yrs old. Not a high rate of psych problems, mood swings, etc.
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Primary Aging
Secondary Aging |
Primary: wear and tear
Secondary: Result of disease, disuse, neglect |
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Sexual Activity and age
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Frequency of sex in earlier years
Men: 70s/80s, woman: Life long. Availability of partners is biggest barrier for women |
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Social Buffer Hypothesis
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Perception of social support more important than actual degree of social support
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Language Development
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1. Crying
2. Cooing 6-12 wks 3. Babbling 6-10 mths 4. work Comprehension 9-10 mths 5. Echolalia 9-10 mths 6. Holographic speech (1 word) 12-18 mths 7. Telegraphic speech 18-24 mths |
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Holophrasic Speech
Phoneme Morpheme |
1 word sentences (12-18 mths)
Phomeme (smallest unit of speech - 'da' Morphome: smallest meaningful term 'daddy' |
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15 month old has how many words?
18 month old? 24 months? |
15: 10
18: 50 200 |
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Telegraphic Speech
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2 word sentences, 18-24 months
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Babbling sounds and 6 months
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at 6 months, babbling only happens in native language. prior to that, all sounds. Even true w/deaf kids.
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Nativist View of Language aquisition
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Chompsky - children have a language acquisition device (LAD). supported by uniform way in which children learn language
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Nuturist View of Language Development
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Language developed based on interaction w/environment and rewards
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Interactionist View
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Combines nurture and nativist view. Most favored
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Sapir Whorf Hypothesis
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Language influences how we think. ex, circular languages > circular thinking.
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Dyslexia: Rate?
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3-20%, more in Lower SES
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Deep Dyslexia
Surface Dyslexia Phonological Dyslexia Neglect |
Deep Dyslexia: misreads word for one w/similar meaning
Surface Dyslexia: Can't recognize words, sounds them out. Come would be a problem- Home - Dome Phonological Dyslexia: can't read nonwords, like sqiflish, otherwise no problems. Neglect: Misses 1st or 2nd half of word. |
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Piaget - idiographic work
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Studied relatively few children intensely
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Piaget: Epigenesis
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Epigenesis: Growth/development occurs in stages, each is built on mastery of previous stage.
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Piaget: 3 principles
Organization Adaptation Assimilation Accomodation Equilibrium |
Organization: Dev increasingly complex systems of knowledge. Schemata (cog structures)
Adaptation (changing structures) Assimilation (assim to - plane is a bird - ass) Accomodation (Accom in) Equilibration: Strive for balance in person, schemas, environment - helps move to next needed stage when imbalance is felt. |
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Decalage
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Unevenness in development
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Piaget - 4 stages - list them:
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Sensorimotor 0-2 (when lang develops)
Preoperational Stage 2-7 Concrete Operations 7-11 Formal Operations 11-adolescence |
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sensory motor stage 0-2 years
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-Learn through sensory observation, interacting w/environment
Object Permanence Symbolic Representation (using symbols/words to represent things) |
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Preoperational Stage 2-7
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intuitive thinking (lack of logic/deduction)
Egocentrisim: Unable to take others standpoint Phenomenalistic Causality: inaccurate cause/effect Animism: teddy bear has feelings Irreversibility: Can't undue something (ball of clay, smooshed)) Centration: inability to focus on 2 things at same time (grandma is mothers mother. Line vs. pile of coins) |
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Concrete Operations 7-11
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Operational Thought: Logical thought, serialization, reason.
Conservation: Recognize that forms may change, objects retain characteristics. Opposite of irriversability |
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Formal Operations 11-adolescence
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Deductive, if>then thinking
-metecognition |
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Piaget Criticism
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Underestimate abilities at certain ages. Lack of cultural issues addressed
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Piaget Constructivism
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Knowledge based on learning and interacting w/environment.
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Piaget and Peers
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Believed peers impact cognitive dev more than parents based on being at a similar level of development.
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Vygotsky's Developmental Theory of Cognition
Zone of proximal development |
Cog Dev results from social interactions/relationship
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Vygotsky's Developmental Theory of Cognition
Zone of proximal development |
distance between what a child can do independently vs what they can do w/out guidance. Optimal area to target new skills.
Led to Scaffolding and recipricol teaching (discussion of problem solving; interactive) |
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Information Processing Model
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Quantitative model; information processing/improvement is gradual and based on development and maturation.
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Elkind: Adolescent thinking
Personal Fable Imaginary Audience |
Personal Fable: Adolescents belief that rules don't apply to them, leads to risk taking.
Imaginary Audience: Audience around at all times, leads to self consciousness. |
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Aging:
*Crystallized intelligence Fluid Intelligence |
Crystallized intelligence: Verbal concepts, well learned. WAIS Vocab, Information, Comprehension
Fluid Intelligence: Ability to perform a novel task - peaks in adolescence, then declines. |
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Aging: Memory
Short term memory - 2 types |
SHort term memory=30 secs
Primary Memory: "holding tank", no manipulation Working Memory: Hold and manipulate (digit reversal) |
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Causes of memory decline
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Hippocampus Apathy (shrinks)
Decreased Neurotransmitters (AcH) |
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Long term memory and aging
Episodic Memory Semantic Memory Procedural Memory |
long term shows most decline
Episodic Memory: What u had for lunch, did u lock the car - largest decline Semantic: facts, stays intact procedural: Motor memory (ride a bike), stays intact |
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Piaget
2 stages of morality heteronomous Autonomous |
heteronomous morality (5-10): egocentric, rigid thinking about morality. Authority figures make rules, follow w/out question.
Autonomous morality (10-): flexibility in thinking. Rules are flexible, changed if needed. |
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Kohlberg - 3 stages, 2 substages in each
(PCP) |
Preconventional (4-10): Act out of self interest
a. Punishment-obedience (avoid punishment) b. Instrumental Hedonism (get rewards for following rules Conventional (10-13) a. Good boy/Good girl: gain approval for obedience b. Law and Order: Doing ones duty for social order Post Conventional Morality (early as 13, or never) a. Morality of contract/individual rights/democratically accepted laws: Values welfare of society b. Morality of principles oc Conscience: based on what individual believes is right, regardless of law/opinions of others. Act in accordance of internalized Standards |
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Kohlberg - all 6 stages include
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4-10
1. Punishment/Obedience 2. Instrumental Hedenism 10-? 3. Good boy/Good girl 4. Law and Order Early as 13 or never 5. Morality of Contract/Ind. Rights/Democratically Accepted Laws 6. Morality of Individual Principles of Contract |
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Gilligan - men vs. women
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Justice Perspective: Males focus on fairness/justice
Caring Perspective: Women focus on conflict between their needs and others/their responsibilities for others |
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Gilligan Stages - 3
(survive, sacrifice, non violence |
1. Orientation of Individual Survival: Woman focuses on what is best for her.
2. Goodness as Self Sacrifice: Wish to meet others needs (concerned w/what others think of her) 3. Morality of Nonviolence: Equality, nobody should be hurt |
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Development of Conscience: Kochanska
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Inhibitory Control/low impulsivity (trait)
Parenting Style: -Mutual positive affect between mom and child -low power assertion by mother -maternal empathy |
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Freud Psychosexual Stages
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0-1: Oral
1-3 : Anal (toilet training) 3-5: Phalic (focus on genitals) 5/6-12: Latency (quiet period) 12-18: Genital |
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Erikson: 8 stages/crisis and resulting strength
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1: (0-1) Trust vs. Mistrust: Hope
2. (1-3) Autonomy vs. Shame/doubt: Will 3: (3-5/6) Initiative vs. Guilt: Purpose 4. (5/6-12) Industry vs. Inferiority: Competence 5. (12-18) Identity Vs. Role Confusion: Fidelity 6: (18-35) Intimacy vs. isolation: Love 7. (35-60) Generativity vs. stagnation: Care 8. (60+) Integrity vs. despair: Wisdom |
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Mahler - 6 stage model focused on ____ and ____?
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Separation: Separate physical entity
Individuation: Psychologically distinct individual |
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Mahler 6 stages
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1. (1 mth) Normal Infantile Autism: unaware of external world (less supported by research)
2. (2-4 mths) Symbiosis: baby and mother are one. 3. (5-10 mths Differentiation: distinguishes self/other - stranger anxiety shows up. 4. (10-16 mths) Practicing: baby can physically separate; walk/crawl - separation anxiety 5. (16-24 mths) Rapproachment: Increased need for mother to share experience 6. Object constancy (2-3 yrs): Object permanence and unifying good and bad into one whole |
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Levinson: Seasons of a man's life. 8 stages
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1. Early adult transition
2. Entering adult world (17-22) 3. Age 30 transition (22-28) - stressful, realize little time to establish life 4. Settling Down (33-40) 5. Midlife transition (40-45): Time since birth > time till death 6. Middle adulthood (45-50) 7. Age 50 transition (50) 8. Later adulthood: Retirement/death |
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Attachment - Conrad Lorenze
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Attachment is instinctual
Imprinting (critical period) - ducks |
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Attachment - Harlow
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Wire/cloth surrogate monkey. Would go to cloth when upset -
"contact comfort"/tactile stimulation important |
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Attachment - bowlby
3 stages of reaction to maternal deprivation: |
1. Protest
2. Despair 3. Detachment (indifference) |
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Rene Spitz: Anaclytic Depression
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Weepy, withdrawal, insomnia, decline and health based on deprived maternal attention (6-8 months)
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Ainsworth - attachement. 3 styles, plus Main's = 4.
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Secure (65%)
Avoidant (20%): Lack of closeness when leaving or returning. Aloof or overly intrusive caretaker. Ambivalent (10%): Clinging when left, happy when returned but resist closeness/comforting. Inconsistent caregiving. Disorganized-disoriented: Inconsistent responses (freeze, cry, resist); exhibit fear w/mother. Abusive caretaker or caretaker who has unresolved issues of being abused. |
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Attachment Research
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Style at 12-18 months impacts behavior in school/preschool.
Kids can attach into later childhood. |
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Parenting Patterns (Baumrind)
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1. Authoritarian: detached, less warm, controlling/punishing >"conflicted-irritable" kids w/more behavioral problems, moody, withdrawn, discontent.
Permissive: Value self expression/regulation. a. Permissive-Indifferent: few limits, little monitoring, detached > poor self control, interpersonal problems, demanding b. Permissive-Indulgent: Loving/available, few limits > impulsive, immature "impulsive-aggressive" Authoritative: Caring/available;fair/firm/reasonable. Set limits, provide structure, reasonable expectations > competent, independent "energetic-friendly" |
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Working Mothers
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leads to more egalitarian sex roles
middle class boys > slightly lower academic performance if in daycare vs. mother lower class boys (and girls) do better in daycare daycare > more socialability, but somewhat more aggression/disobedient |
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gay/lesbian parents
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equally adjusted, same rates of homosexuality
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single parents
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lower level of achievment; may be due to SES
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Gender Roles/Stages of Development (3)
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Gender Roles: from birth-life, expectations of appropriate roles
Gender Identity: Self as male/female (18 mths [sense of self] - 3 yrs) Gender Constancy: (age 5/6) Gender does not change w/dress or behavior |
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Gender Role Dev Theories
-Social Learning -Cog Dev model -Gender-Schema -Psychoanalytic |
Social Learning: Modeling
Cognitive-Dev Model: Cog concept becomes more clear. Kohlberg: Motivation to be "good/proper boys/girls". Criticism: gender roles appear w/in 1st 2 yrs of life Gender Schema Theory*: Most favored, create schemas based on cog schema (wants to fit in that schema) and reward/modeling. Psychoanalytic: Guilt based on Oedipus complex, identification w/same sex parent. |
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Development of Racial Awareness
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Aware of differences at 3/4 yrs. Begin to prefer same race playmates.
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Social Interaction - Levels of Social Play
1. Solitary 2. Parallel 3. Associative 4. Cooperative |
1. Solitary: alone, differnt toys
2. Parallel: indpendent, similar toys 3. Associative: Shares, but does not adopt roles (acts independently 4. Cooperative: Part of group/common goal |
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Social Interaction: Cognitive Play:
1. Repetitive 2. Constructive 3. Imaginative 4. formal games w/rules |
1. Repetitive: Rolling ball, simple movements.
2. Constructive Play: Builds something (blocks) 3. Imaginative: Fantasy/drama - try out new roles, master difficult feelings 4. Formal games w/rules: 7-11 yrs |
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Friendship and kids
gender differences factors impacting popularity |
same sex preference around 7-11
Girls: Quality of friends Boys: Quantity less popular: Less attractive, poor school performance, shyness |
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*Patterson's Coersion Model of Aggression
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1. Learned aggression by observing parents, unknowing reinforcment.
2. conduct problems > peer rejection 3. Rejection leads to joining devient peer group |
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Delinquency and Boys and broken homes
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unahppy intact homes lead to more delinquency/aggress than those from broken homes. possibly based on more neg contact w/father.
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Bullying victim risk factors
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Peer rejection
Submissive/crying behaviors |
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Bullying leads to:
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future violent behavior in and outside home.
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Teacher Interactions
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More interaction w/males (may be critical interactions)
Expectations impact performance (rosenthal effect) Girls praised for effort/cooperation, males for achievement |
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Cooperation Classrooms
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Integrates children of different levels; better for low ability kids.
leads to reduction in cultural biasis/stereotypes |
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Montessori Schools
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Max learning comes from manipulation of materials vs. rote learning.
Staggered ages in classrooms. |
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Adolescent Issues in Social Development (Marcia)
1. Identity Achievement 2. Forclosure 3. Moratorium 4. Identity Diffusion |
1. Identity Achievement: Struggled with crisis and resolved, lead to committment
2. Forclosure: Commits w/out considering options (based on expectations). Absence of crisis 3. Moratorium: in crisis, no committment> Achievement 4. Identity Diffusion: Lost, no commitment to goals/values. Crisis/commitment absent. |
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Adolescence/Culture tidbits
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AA sex earlier than hispanic/white
60% teens report condom use STD higher in poor/minority grps 1/8 kids drop out of school 4/5 prison inmates are HS dropouts drop outs 2xs more likely to be unemployed |
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Successful Aging:
Activity Theory Disengagement THeory |
Activity Theory: Old age is fullfuilling when active as long as possible
Disengagement Theory: Successful aging tied to graceful withdrawl from lifes activities (largely discredited) |
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Marital Satisfaction across lifespan
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Curvilinear: High earl on, lower in child rearing years, higher after kids are through teens.
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Women and aging:
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lower income (lowest grp in us)
More friends than men, less stats and sex partners |
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Stages of Grief (4 stages)
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1. Numbness
2. Yearning (anger/distress) 3. Disorganizaton/despair 4. Resolution/reorganization |
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Kubler Ross stages of dying:
DABDA |
Denial
Anger Bargening Depression Acceptance |
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Temperment - 3 categories
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Easy (40%)
Difficult (10%) Slow to warm up (15%) |
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Goodness of Fit - Temperment
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Parenting style
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Emotional Expression Stages
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Infant: Distress, Content, Interest
6 months: joy, surprise, anger 7-9 months - smile/pout used to communicate 2 yrs: Embarrassment, empathy, envy Social Referencing: Sharing affective states of parents |
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7-10 universal primary emotions.
Located in subcortical limbic system, develop prior to thought |
Fear
anger disgust surprise joy shame contempt sadness interest. love/remorse: require higher cortical processes |
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Most critical aspect of healthy development in adolescence
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Self acceptance
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Risk Factors in Pathology
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Can be added to get sense (adversity index)
ex. Genes, poverty, access to care, maternal substance |
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Risk factors and Gender
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boys more suseptable from prenatal - 10 yrs.
Girls more so in adolescents |
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Protective Factors (Garmezy)
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Interpersonal view of protective factors:
personality Supportive family external support system |
