Eppp Cog-Behavioral

Front 1

Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)

Back 1

US (Meat)/UR (Drool)
CS (Bell) /CR (Drool)
US + CS = CR

Front 2

Forward Conditioning

Back 2

CS (Bell) then US (Meat)

Front 3

Backward Conditioning

Back 3

US (Meat) then CS (Bell)
Not effective

Front 4

Delayed Conditioning

Back 4

CS (Bell) precedes and overlaps presentation of the US (Meat)
MOST EFFECTIVE
Generally .5 second delay

Front 5

Trace Conditioning

Back 5

Presenting and terminating the CS (Bell) prior to presenting the US (Meat)

Front 6

Simultaneous Conditioning

Back 6

CS (Bell) & US (Meat) @ the same time
LEAST EFFECTIVE

Front 7

Number of Trials

Back 7

W/ increased trails = better conditioning, but CR is typically weaker than UR.

Front 8

Extinction

Back 8

CS (Bell) w/o US (Meat) will cause decay.

Front 9

Spontaneous Recovery

Back 9

After extinction, responding to the CS (Bell) with a CR (Drool).

Front 10

Stimulus Generalization

Back 10

Responding with a CR to a stimulus that is similar to the CS.
Ex: Different tones

Front 11

Stimulus Discrimination

Back 11

Ability to differentiate b/t similar stimuli. Can be trained by pairing the correct tone, but not pairing similar tones.

Front 12

Experimental Neurosis

Back 12

Very difficulty discriminations causing frustration.

Front 13

Higher-Order Conditioning

Back 13

Adding another US (Flashing light) before the primary US (Bell).

Front 14

John B. Watson

Back 14

"Father of American Behaviorism" Rejected subjective interpretations and suggested that observable/measureable behaviors are key.

Poor little Albert was conditioned to fear white rats which generalized to a white rabbit, cotton, and Santa.

Front 15

Reciprocal Inhibition (Wolpe)

Back 15

A form of counterconditioning to alleviate anxiety reactions by pairing a stimulus that produces anxiety (CS) w/ a stimulus that produces relaxation or other INCOMPATIBLE responses (US).

Front 16

Systematic Desensitization

Back 16

Pairing relaxation with hierarchically-arranged anxiety-evoking events.
1. Relaxation Training
2. Constructing the Anxiety Hierarchy
3. Desensitization in Imagination
4. In Vivo Desensitization

Front 17

Behavioral Sex Therapy (Sensate Focus)

Back 17

Pairing situations that evoke performance anxiety w/ pleasurable physical sensations and relaxation.
Most effective for treating PE and vaginismus.

Front 18

Aversive Counterconditioning

Back 18

Pairs a target behavior (CS) such as ETOH with a unpleasant US such as a shock or nausea.

Front 19

In Vivo Aversion Therapy

Back 19

Pairing at target behavior with an aversive stimulus. Initially moderately effective, but high relapse rates and limited generalizability. Also most effective when in combination with other treatments.

Front 20

Covert Sensitization

Back 20

Imagining the pairing of a nonpleasent US with a CS. For example, vomiting when smoking.

Front 21

Dismantling Strategy

Back 21

Assessed countercondition in systematic desensitization and found that extinction or EXPOSURE W/O ANXIETY producing stimuli (CS) may be the primary factor responsible.

Front 22

Mowrer's Two-Factor Theory of Learning

Back 22

A person first develops an anxiety reaction to an neutral stimulus (CS) when that stimulus is paired with a stimulus (US) that naturally elicits anxiety (classical conditioning). Then they avoid the CS b/c it allow them to avoid anxiety (negative reinforcement).

Front 23

In Vivo Exposure w/ Response Prevention (Flooding)

Back 23

Real life EXPOSURE to anxiety provoking stimuli W/ RESPONSE PREVENTION.
1. Massed/long exposure is better than brief.
2. High-anxiety is not key; tranquilizers may help.
3. Self-controlled and group exposure can be effective.
4. Exposure & Response Prevention are essential.

In-vivo flooding is considered the most effective psychological treatment for Agoraphobia, with reports of long-term improvement for to 75% of treated patients.

Front 24

Implosive Therapy

Back 24

Imagination of feared stimulus to provoke high anxiety. Stampfl the developer was Psychodynamic.

Front 25

Graduated Exposure

Back 25

Helpful for reducing avoidance caused by initial exposure to high-anxiety arousing situations.

Front 26

Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR)

Back 26

Lateral eye movements. Effective for PTSD.

Front 27

Edward Thorndike

Back 27

Cats in "puzzle boxes." Associations deveop b/t actions and environmental stimulation. Trial-and-error. (INSTRUMENTAL LEARNING)

Front 28

Law of Effect (Thorndike)

Back 28

We repeat behviors that result in pleasure.

Front 29

B.F. Skinner

Back 29

Operant Conditioning - How we act upon our environment.

Front 30

Positive Reinforcement

Back 30

Applying a stimulus that increases behavior.
Ex: Pressing lever = food.

Front 31

Negative Reinforcement

Back 31

Taking away a stimulus that increases behavior.
Ex: Pressing lever = stops a shock.

Front 32

Positive Punishment

Back 32

Applying a stimulus which decreases behavior.
Ex: Slapping a dog with a newspaper after she chews up shoes.

Front 33

Negative Punishment

Back 33

Removal of a stimulus which decreases behavior.
Ex: Taking away allowance for bad grades.

Front 34

Operant Extinction

Back 34

Withholding reinforcement. Where's my food?

Front 35

Extinction (Response) Burst

Back 35

The initial increase in a behavior after extinction. Serioulsy, where is my food?

Front 36

Behvaior Contrast

Back 36

If reinforced for 2 beh and 1 is w/held, the other beh will increase.

Front 37

Primary (Unconditioned) Reinforcers

Back 37

Inherently desirable. Food & Water.

Front 38

Secondary (Conditioned) Reinforcers

Back 38

Acquire value via repeated association. Tokens, applause, a gold star sticker.

Front 39

Generalized Conditioned Reinforcer

Back 39

When the reinforcer can be exchanged for a variety of primary reinforcers. MONEY.

Front 40

Continuous Schedule

Back 40

Fast acquistion of a behavior; reinforcement after each response. In contrast satiation rate and extinction are high.

Front 41

Intermittent Schedule

Back 41

Partial schedule is best after a behavior has been acquired.

Front 42

Fixed Interval (FI)

Back 42

Reinforced after a fixed interval. Low rates. Scalloped rates. Beh increases before reinforcement. WEEKLY WAGES.

Front 43

Variable Interval (VI)

Back 43

Reinforced after an averaged interval.
Responses are steady but of low amplitude. Known POP QUIZ.

Front 44

Fixed Ratio (FR)

Back 44

Reinforcement after a specific # of responses.
High and steady responses with a brief pause after reinforcement. PEICEWORK.

Front 45

Variable Ratio (VR)

Back 45

Reinforcement after an averaged ratio.
Highest rate of responses which are resistent to extinction. GAMBLING.

Front 46

Concurrent Schedules of Reinforcement

Back 46

2 or more simultaneous and independent schedules, each for a different response. "Matching Law"

Front 47

Stimulus Control

Back 47

A behavior does or does not occur due to the presence (or absence) of discriminative stumuli (e.g., red/gree light). NEGATIVE or POSITIVE STIMULUS DISCRIMINATION. Another e.g. of two-factor learning.

Front 48

Chaining

Back 48

Combo of Classical and Operant Cond believe to account for complex behaviors. A number of distinct responses with each response serving as both a secondary reinforcer for the previus response and a positive discriminative stimulus for the next response; final response is usually a primary reinforcer.

Front 49

Stimulus Generalization

Back 49

A stimuli similar to the discrimative stimuli with the target behavior.
Ex: Responding to a blue rather than green light.

Front 50

Response Generalization

Back 50

Increasing the frequency of similar responses.
Ex: Baby calling "Dada, baba, gaga"

Front 51

Escape Conditioning

Back 51

Result of NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT. A Behavior increases b/c its performance allows to escape reinforcer.
Ex: Pressing a lever to avoid a shock.

Front 52

Avoidance Conditioning

Back 52

TWO-FACTOR LEARNING. The onset of the negitive reinforcer is preceded by a cue (positive discriminative stimulus), which signals that the negative reinforcer is about to be applied. Learns to respond to avoid the negative reinforcer.
Ex: Green light = shock. Push lever = no shock.

Front 53

Positive Reinforcement Thearapy Factors

Back 53

1. Contingency
2. Immediacy - Right after
3. Magnitude
4. Schedule of Reinforcement
5. Verbal Clarification
6. Prompts can be pos discriminative stimuli.

Front 54

Thinning

Back 54

Continuous to intermittent schedule.

Front 55

Fading

Back 55

Gradual removal of a prompt.

Front 56

Shaping

Back 56

Reinforcing successive approximations - coming closer and closer to the target behavior.

Front 57

Premack Principle

Back 57

A high probability behavior is used to reinforce a low probability behavior.
Ex: Watching TV after studying an hour, if studying is infrequent.

Front 58

Punishment Thearapy Factors

Back 58

1. Immediacy - @ onset
2. Consistency
3. Intensity - Moderate
4. Verbal Clarification
5. Removal of All Positive Reinforcement
6. Reinforcement for Alternative Behaviors

Front 59

Verbal Reprimands

Back 59

"No or Stop!" are largly ineffective and may increase unwanted behaviors.

Front 60

Overcorrection

Back 60

Form of POS PUNISHMENT:
1. Restitution
2. Positive Practice to exaggeration

Front 61

Response Cost

Back 61

Form of NEG PUNISHMENT and involves removing a specific reinforcer whenever a target is performed.
Ex: No TV for talking back.

Front 62

Time-Out From Reinforcement

Back 62

Removing all sources of positive reinforcement for a brief time in order to decrease a behavior.
5-10 minutes w/ explainations are best.

Front 63

Decreasing Behavior with Extinction

Back 63

1. Consitency w/ no Pos R
2. Schedule of Reinforcement
3. High Duration and Magnitude are diff to extinguish
4. Reforcement of Alt Beh

Front 64

Contingency Contract

Back 64

1. Defines rewards for behavior
2. Behaviors must be observable
3. Consequences for failure
4. Bonuses for good behavior
5. Record-keeping for feedback

Front 65

Token Economy

Back 65

Tokens are GEN COND reinforcers and rewards are UNCOND reinforcers.
1. Defining target behaviors
2. Select reinforcers
3. Monitor
4. Thin reinforcer

Front 66

Social Skills Training

Back 66

Op Cond, Class Cond, and Social Learning.
Modeling, coaching, behavior rehersal, feedback, reinforcement, and homework.

Front 67

Differential Reinforcement

Back 67

All behaviors except the target are positively reinforced. No SIB if playing w/ toy.

Front 68

Latent Learning (Tolman)

Back 68

Leaerning can occur w/o reinforcement. "Cognitive maps" w/ rats w/o reinforcement.

Front 69

Kohler

Back 69

Insight (cog restructuring of enviro) demonstrated by chimp observation.

Front 70

Observational (Social) Learning (Bandura)

Back 70

1. Attention
2. Retention - enhansed via cog rehersial
3. Production
4. Motivation

Front 71

Guided Participation/Paticipant Modeling

Back 71

Progressive performance by learner w/ assistance from a model. Effective for treating phobias. Coping is better than mastery.

Front 72

Learned Helplessness

Back 72

The tendency to give up b/c of being overwhelmed. Internal, stable, and global attributions. Hopelessness.

Front 73

All C-B Therapies

Back 73

1. People respond to cog rep of events rather than the events themselves.
2. Learning is cog
3. Cog med emot and beh dysf
4. Changing cog can change dysfunctional beh/emot

Front 74

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (Ellis)

Back 74

A (External Event)
B (Belief about A)
C (Emot or Beh)
D (Attempt to alter beliefs)
E (Alt thoughts)
Neurosis stemms from irrational beliefs (e.g., must's and should's).

Front 75

Beck's Cognitive Thearapy

Back 75

Views depression as a result of dysfunctional SCHEMAS, AUTOMATIC THOUGHTS, and COG DISTORTIONS. Also call "COLLABORATIVE EMPIRICISM" b/c of it's emphasis b/t therapist and client. SOCRATIC dialogue. Time limited (ave is 15 sessions).
DEPRESSION'S COG TRIAD:
Neg view of SELF, WORLD, and FUTURE.

Front 76

Common Cog Distortions

Back 76

1. Arbitrary Inference - Conclusions w/o evience; Jump to conclusion.
2. Overgeneralization
3. Selective Abstraction - Attending to detail rather than the whole.
4. Personalization - Externeal events to oneself.
5. Polorized Thinking
6. Emotional Reasoning - beliefs due to "feeling" a certain way.

Front 77

Rehm's Self-Control Therapy

Back 77

Uses HOMEWORK and GROUP. Deficits in the following make it difficult to cope w/ depression:
1. Self-Monitoring - attend to neg events.
2. Self-Evaluation - inaccurate interal att and hold themselves to rigid standards.
3. Self-Reinforcement - little self reward and lots of punishment.

Front 78

Self-Instructional Training (Meichenbaum)

Back 78

Substituting adaptive statments. STEWERT SMALLEY
1. Cog Modeling
2. Cog Participant Modeling
3. Overt Self-Instruction
4. Fading Overt Self-Instruction
5. Covert Self-Instruction

Front 79

Thought Stopping

Back 79

Thought STOPPING. Eliminating ruminations and self criticism. Covertly yelling "Stop!" and snapping a rubber band.

Front 80

Stress Inoculation(Meichenbaum)

Back 80

1. Educational - understanding beh and cog
2. Skill Acquistion - learns and reherses
3. Application phase

The idea is to give the person the opportunity to deal with a low "dose" of anxiety-provoking stimuli, in order to help the person build coping skills.

Front 81

Self-Control Procedures

Back 81

Techniques adminstered by client.

Front 82

Self-Monitoring

Back 82

Typically used as informational, but can influence target behaviors.

Front 83

Stimulus Control

Back 83

Triggered by another stimulus.
Ex: Smoking after coffee.
1. Narrowing - Restricting behavior to specific times.
Ex: Eating at mealtime
2. Cue Strengthening - Linking beh to an envir
Ex: Studying in study
3. Fading - Changing stim conditions.
Ex: Gum instead of cigarette

Front 84

Biofeedback

Back 84

Feedback about physiological processes to voluntarily control them. RAYNAUD'S and certain forms of URINARY AND FEC INCONTIENCE. Relaxation is = for hypertension and tension headaches.

Front 85

Information Processing Model

Back 85

Sensory - large chunks; "echoic" & "iconic"
STM - 30 sec; primary (7 +/- 2)and WM
LTM - Elaborative rehersal vs. Maintenance rehersal

Front 86

Serial Position Effect

Back 86

Primacy and recency effects.

When there is a brief delay, memory for information at the beginning of the list is better than memory for information at the end of the list.

Front 87

Levels-Of-Processing (Tulving & Craig)

Back 87

Memory diff are not due to storage, but to diff levels. STRUCTURAL, PHONEMIC, and SEMANTIC (deepest and leads to the best retention).

Front 88

Declarative Memory

Back 88

Facts
1. Semantic
2. Episodic
3. Flashbulb

Front 89

Implicit/Explicit

Back 89

Implicit mem is auto, while explicit memory requires conscious recollection.

Front 90

Prospective Memory

Back 90

Recalling what to do.

Front 91

Recollection distortions

Back 91

Schemas, bias, and construction.

Front 92

Metamemory & Metacognition

Back 92

MM - How one learns to learn such as mnemonics.
MC - Knowledge of own cog.

Front 93

Ebbinghaus

Back 93

Forgetting curve

Front 94

Retroactive Interference

Back 94

New interferes w/ old

Front 95

Proactive Interference

Back 95

Old interferes w/ new

Front 96

Cue-Dependent Forgetting

Back 96

When cues aren't available to aid in recall.

Front 97

Encoding Specificity

Back 97

Similar encoding and cues used to recall = better recall.

Front 98

Elaborative Rehearsal

Back 98

Connecting new infor to old schemas.

Front 99

Mnenomic Devices

Back 99

Imagery, org, and context to improve recall.