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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ACETYLCHOLINE (Ach)
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voluntary movement and memory
-a neurotransmitter found in the PNS & CNS - in the PNS it contracts the muscles -in the CNS it's responsible for REM sleep, maintenance of memory and circadian rhythm -Alzheimer's is the effect of degenerated cells of this NT - 2 types of receptors involved: 1)nicotinic = excite 2)muscarinic = inhibitory |
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NEURON
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- all present from birth
- has 3 parts 1) dendrites 2) cell body (soma) 3) axon |
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FUNCTIONS OF THE PARTS OF THE NEURON
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DENDRITES
- receive 411 through electrical impulses CELL BODY - processes 411 and passes it along the axon AXON - actual conduction of the impulses. Accelerated through mylineation |
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GABA - Gamma-aminobutyric acid
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- inhibitory neurotransmitter invloved with sleep, eating, seizures, & anxiety
- Hungtington's Disease is due to degeneration of cells in the basal ganglia responsible for secreting this NT |
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CATECHOLAMINES
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- group of neurotransmitters that include norepinephrine, epinephrine (adrenaline), and dopamine
- these neurotransmitters affect personality, mood, memory, and sleep - Dopamine = regulates movement & reinforces substance addiction |
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SEROTONIN
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involved in sleep and mood
-an inhibitory neurotransmitter - low levels of this NT are implicated in depression and anxiety disorders |
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SPINAL CORD
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-31 sections to the spinal cord, divided into 5 groups from top to bottom (CTLSC)
1)cervical 2)thoracic 3)lumbar 4)sacral 5)coccygeal -damage to the spinal cord at the cervical level (top) = quadriplegia -damage to the spinal cord at the thoracic level (2nd from top) = paraplegia |
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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)
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-brain + spinal cord
-spinal cord carries 411 b/n the brain and PNS; coordinates LFT and RT side of the body; controls simple reflexes not involving the brain |
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5 STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CNS
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PMDMS
1)PROLIFERATION - new cells formed in the neural tube (2.5 weeks old) 2)MIGRATION - new neurons move to appropriate spotsi n the brain and start to form structures (8 weeks) 3)DIFFERENTIATION - neurons develop axons and dendrites 4)MYELINATION - glial cells form and insulate the axons 5)SYNAPTOGENESIS - synapses form |
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PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)
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-transmits 411 b/n CNS and sensory organs and muscles
-divided into 2 groups 1)Somatic nervous system (SNS) = voluntary movement; arousal 2)Autonomic nervous system (ANS) = involuntary movement; relaxation |
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RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM (RAS)
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-part of the midbrain responsible for alertness and consciousness (set of cells in the medulla, pons, hypothalamus, and thalamus)
-filters incoming sensory info -regulates sensory 411 especially during sleep -damage = disruption in sleep-wake cycle |
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HINDBRAIN
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= medulla, pons, & spinal cord
-made up of the pons and medulla which sit at the base of the brain on top of the spinal cord |
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MEDULLA
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controls 411 flow b/n spinal cord and the brain; coordinates heart rate, swallowing, coughing, sneezing
-part of hindbrain (brainstem) |
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CEREBELLUM
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-responsible for balance and posture; coordinates fine motor movement
-damage to this part of the brain may cause ATAXIA = slurred speech, tremors, and loss of balance |
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BASAL GANGLIA
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-includes caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra
-involved with voluntary movements, especially amplitude and direction of movement -Parkison's, Tourette's, Hungtington's, mania, depression, and psychosis = abnormalities in this area of the forebrain |
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AMYGDALA
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-limbic
-part of temporal lobe -regulates emotional and motivational functions -lesions in this area cause Kluver-Bucy Syndrome |
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HIPPOCAMPUS
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-w/in temporal lobe
-consolidates declarative memories -processes spatial, verbal, and visual 411 |
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FOREBRAIN
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-consists of subcortical structures including
1) thalamus 2) hypothalamus 3) basal ganglia 4) limibc system |
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THALAMUS
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-located in the forebrain
-takes in sensory 411 (except for olfactory input)and sends it to the appropriate part of the brain -Korsakoff syndrome = atrophy in this area of the forebrain |
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HYPOTHALAMUS
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-located in the forebrain
-responsible for autonomic NS (maintaining homeostasis) -motivation behaviors (the F's) -controls circadian rhythm through suprachiasmatic nucleus -master endocrine gland (along with pituitary) |
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PONS
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-bridge the two halves of the cerebellum
-responsible for coordinating movements b/n the right and left side of the body -Regulates states of arousal. |
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Raphe nuclei
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in the pons use serotonin to trigger/maintain slow wave sleep
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Substantia nigra
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Midbrain - part of the Basal Ganglia
i. Part of extrapyramidal motor system ii. Affects smoothness, initiation, termination, directedness of movement iii. Degeneration of nerves in this area related to Parkinson’s |
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Reticular formation
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i. Interconnected neurons that extend from spinal cord to mid- and hindbrain.
ii. Influences sleep, arousal, pain, touch, & reflexes |
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suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
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-in hypothalamus
– controls circadian rhythms, sensitive to light-dark cues, takes information on day length from retina, interprets, and passes to pineal gland for melatonin secretion. |
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Extrapyramidal motor system
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basal ganglia, substantia nigra & cerebellum
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Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
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– reduced fear & aggression,
increased docility, and hypersexuality. - caused by lesions in Amygdala associated with reduced emotionality - |
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Limbic system
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Group of brain structures that mediate emotional component of behavior
amygdala septum hippocampus |
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Septum
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Inhibits emotionality
Lesions associated with increased emotionality – “septal-rage syndrome." |
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4 lobes of Cerebral Cortex
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Frontal
Temporal Parietal Occipital |
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Frontal lobe
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- motor behavior, expressive language, higher-level
cognitive processes (EF's), and time-place-person orientation - Contain the primary motor cortex - Left frontal lobe also contains Broca’s Area - Contain prefrontal association cortex – “executive functions” of cognition & planning |
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Pyramidal motor system
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Frontal lobe
control of voluntary movement – fine, intricate movements & their speed & strength |
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Broca's Area
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– speech production
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“frontal lobe personality”
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– apathy, lack of drive, decreased verbal output, inability to plan & focus; or psychopathic syndrome involving sexual disinhibition, coarse language, humor, inappropriate social
behavior, lack of concern for others. |
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Temporal lobe
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Receptive language, memory, & emotion
Long term memory Primary auditory cortex – mediation of auditory input Wernicke's Area |
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Wernicke's Area
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speech comprehension
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Conduction Aphasia
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– speaks & comprehends, but can’t repeat
- Arcuate fasciculus – connects Wernicke’s & Broca’s – lesions can produce this aphasia |
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Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
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– deep, intense emotions; preoccupation with
interests, viscosity or tendency to cling or dwell on details, changes in sexual behavior. |
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Parietal lobe
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Primary somatosensory cortex – processing of somatosensory input (touch-pressure, kinesthesia, pain, & temp)
- Integrating sensory information with other info - Lesions related to insensitivity to touch on opposite side of body, tactile agnosia, impaired spatial orientation, poor facial recognition, apraxia, contralateral neglect (loss of knowledge of one side of body), inability to recognize body parts, agraphia. |
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Gestmann’s Syndrome
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deficits attributed to lesions in dominant parietal lobe – cerebrovascual accident
marked by agraphia, acalculia, right-left confusion, and finger agnosia. |
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Occipital lobe
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Visual cortex
- Lesions related to blindness, image distortion, blind spots, afterimages, loss of depth perception, visual agnosia (inability to recognize familiar objects) |
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Who is credited with split-brain studies?
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Sperry
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Right brain functions
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- responsible for visual-spatial activities (music and art)
- usually the non-dominant hemisphere |
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Left brain functions
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- responsible for verbal & rational activities (sequencing & logical thinking)
- usually the dominant hemisphere - damage of left hemisphere more often results in depression or anxiety than damage to right hemisphere. |
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Mesencephalon
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Mid-brain, consists of:
substantia nigra reticular formation RAS |
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part of the brain not fully developed at birth
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cortex
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agnosia
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failure to recognize sensory information
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serotonin
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appetite, sleep and mood
linked to depression and eating disorders (along with norepinephrine) |
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dopamine
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schizophrenia ("dopamine hypothesis" = too much dopamine)
Parkinson's |
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Acetylcholine
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voluntary movement and memory
associated with Alzheimers |
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alpha waves
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during periods of relaxed wakefulness, predominant just before falling asleep
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theta waves
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early stage 1 sleep
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delta waves
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slow waves ocurring in stages 3 and 4 (the deepest non-dreaming part of sleep)
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REM sleep
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deepest part of sleep
dreaming stage rapid eye movement increased respiration and heart rate relaxed muscle tone |
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GABA
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linked to anxiety and epilepsy
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overactive pituitary gland causes...
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gigantism (youths) or acromegaly (adults)
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overactive thyroid causes...
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Grave's disease
sweating, palpitations, weight loss |
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overactive parathyroid gland causes...
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delirium, depression, apathy, personality changes, psychosis, stupor, or coma
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overactive adrenal gland causes...
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Cushing's Disease (agitated depression, irritability, memory and concentration problems, adiposity of face, neck, and trunk)
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stages of sleep
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stage N1 - alpha and theta waves - awake but sleepy, daydreaming
stage N2 - very short stage, sleep spindles, develop delta waves stage N3 - delta waves, NREM deep or slow wave sleep, when parasomnias occur and enuresis REM - dreaming, alternate between REM and NREM |
