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352 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Etic
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Differences between cultures
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Emic
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Applies a universal approach to all cultures. Judging a culture by your standards.
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Endorphins
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Endorphins are opioid peptides which bond to opiate receptor sites. Endorphins prodice analgesia and block the release of substance P.
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Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (KABC)
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-Reflects Luria's theory of intelligence.
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Cortisol
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Steroid hormone released by the adrenal cortex.
Cortisol is critical for many body functions including mediating the stress response, maintaining blood sugar, bodily fluids, and electrolytes. |
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Rescorla Wagner
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Theory of Classical Conditioning. Predicts that the amount of conditioning depends on how surprising or unexpected the association between the CS and the US. The more surprising the US, the more conditioning will occur.
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Protocol Analysis
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Involves having an individual think aloud whild solving a problem and then evaluating the protocol.
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Overregulation
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an over extension of grammatical rules to words that are exceptions (e.g., adding 's' to 'feet')
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Phoneme
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The smallest unit of sound in language. The English language has 44 phonemes.
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Morpheme
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smalles unit of sound that contains meaning
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Korsokoff's Syndrome
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Exhibits anterograde and retrograde amnesia and confabulation. Research suggest that the mammilary bodies are most affected.
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Structural Brain Imaging Techniques
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MRI and CT
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SPECT
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Measures cerebral blood flow using radioactive isotopes.
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Beck's Proposed Cognitive Distortions
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Control Fallacy- No matter what I do, it won't make a difference.
Personalization- It's all my fault. Overgeneralization- I can't do anything right. Catastrophizing- If I assert myself and ask for a raise, I may lose my job. |
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Differeintial Reinforcement of other Behavior (DRO)
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Used to eliminate an undersirable behavior and establish alternative deisrable behaviors.
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Zajonc's Confluence Model
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Predicted that children's intellectual growth can be either ehanced or hindered by their immediate family circumstance. Zajonc considered birth order to be a critical factor with first borns performing slightly better on tests of achievement.
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Holland's Scale
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Distinguished between five occupational themes (RIASEC). Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional.
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Psychological Reactance
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When people feel that their freedom is being threatened, they will try to restore it.
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Item Response Theory
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The steepness of the slope indicates discriminability.
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Motivational Interviewing
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Combines a Client-Centered Approach with the Transtheoretical Model of Change. Especially good for indiviudals who are in the beginning stages of change.
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Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder
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Characterized by a preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control. The Dx does not require obsessions or compulsions.
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Post-Partum Blues
vs Post-Partum Major Depression |
Post-Partum Blues = 50-80%
vs Post-Partum Major Depression = 10-15% |
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The authoritative style of parenting and ethnicity
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Research shows that authoritative parenting is beneficial for school success of white and hispanic students, but not asians and blacks
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Brain structure among ADHD individuals
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The right frontal lobe, the caudate nucleus, and globus pallidus tend to be smaller, and have lower than normal levels of metabolic activity.
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Toleman
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Spatial learning in rats with cognitive maps
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Kohler
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Studied chimpanzees and found evidence of insight learning
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The Ponzo Effect
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This is an illusion that involves the way our eyes judge distance and size. The moon looks larger when it is at the horizon.
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Zeigernik Effect
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People remember unfinished tasks.
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Tests that are useful to determine frontal lobe damage
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Wisconsin Card Sorting
EEG Halstead Category Test |
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Tiedeman and O'Hara
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Emphasized personal identity in their career identitiy model.
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Needs Assessment Analysis
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Used to determine training needs
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Job Evaluation
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Determines the worth of a job so wages can be set
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William Glasser
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Founder of Reality Therapy. Focused on individual choice, specifically acting and thinking.
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When does the ability to recognize oneself in the mirror occur in infants?
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1 1/2 - 2
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Origin or petit mal seizures
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thalamus
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Parkinson's loses at leas 80% of _________ producing cells in the substantia nigra.
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dopamine
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MRI of a patient with Huntington's Disease is most likely to show atrophy in the __________.
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substantia nigra
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Ferber's approach to get babies to sleep during the night.
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Progressive Waiting Approach
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Leading cause of death for all age groups
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Heart Disease
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Type of memory that si the deepest level of processing and produces the best recall.
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Semantic
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Elaboritive Rehearsal
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Encoding material sematically in terms of meaning.
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Parkinson's Disease
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Characterized by neuron loss in the substantia nigra.
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Two Factor Theory
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Involves the development of a phobia through classical condtioning and negative reinforcement.
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Job Enrichment
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involves redesigning a job to make it significantly different in terms of the variety of tasks, autonomy and responsibility it provides.
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Malingering
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goal is to gain external rewards
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Factitious Disorder
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One takes on the sick role; intentionally fakes symptoms. The motivation for the behavior is to assume the sick role. External incentives are absent.
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Somatization Disorder
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A hx of many phsyical complaints beginning before the age of 30 that occurs over several years. Requires: 4 pain symptoms of differing sites; two gastrointestinal sxs; one sexual sx.
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Undifferentiated Somatoform Disorder
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One or more phys complaint that after investigation cannot be fully explained by a known general medical condition
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Conversion Disorder
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One or more sy or deficites affecting voluntary motor or sesory funstion athat suggest a neurological or other general medical condition. Sx precipitated by conflict or stressor. Sx is not feigned/intentionally produced. The sx cannot be explained by a medical condition.
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Hypochondriasis
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Preoccupation with fears of having, or the idea that one has, a serious disease base on the person's mininterpretation of bodily symptoms and persists despite medical evaluation.
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Dissociative Amnesia
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One or more episodes of inabiliyt ot recall important personal inforamtion, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature, that is too extensive to be explaiend by ordinar forgetfulness.
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Dissociative Fugue
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Unexpected travel from work or home iwth inability to recall one's past.
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Depersonalization Disorder
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Persistant or recurring experiences of feeling detached from, and as if one is an outside observer of, one's mental processes or body (feeling like one is in a dream).
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Cluster A Personality Disorders
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Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal
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Cluster B Personality Disorders
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Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissistic
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Cluster C Personality Disorder
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Avoidant, OCPD, Dependent
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Bipolar I vs Bipolar II
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Bipolar I involves Presence of at least one manic episode and no past Magor depressive Episodes, while Bipolar II involves the presence of one or more Major Depressive Episodes and at least one hypomanic episode
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Coefficient Alpha
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indicator of internal consistency reliability
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Allport
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Stateways often occur before folkways. A law will prevent violations. Law influences customs.
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Cerebellum
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Posture, Balance, Coordination of Movement
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Retroactive Inhibition
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New learning interferes with old learning
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Myasthenia Gravis
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Disorder of neuromuscular transmission
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Cerebral Palsy
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Is used to describe a number of motor disorders resulting from brain lesions that cause persistent, non-progressive motor dysfunction. Causes may be prenatal, natal or post natal.
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Cystic Fibrosis
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Genetically transmitted disorder that affects exocrine gland functioning.
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Parkinsons
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Extrapyramidial disease that affects the control of voluntary movements, is believed to be due to the lack of domapine in the basal ganglia. Progressive degeneration of dopamine containing cells in the substantia nigra. Causes are unknown. Maybe exposure to toxins. Sx are characterized by positive and negative. Ps: Pill rolling, muschle rigidity, akathesia, tremor. Ng: Postural disturbances, speech difficulties, bradykinesia (slowed movements). In a minority depression precedes motor sx. Motor sx alleviated by L-dopa. Dopamine agonist. However, degeneration of cells continues with tx. Recent tx involves injecting fetal cells into the basal ganglia.
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Dementia
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Impairments in short and long term memory
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After one year of therapy...
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...75% of clients can be expected to show measureable imporvements in symptoms.
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Marked Parental Turmoil...
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...tends to have a more significant negative affect on boys than girls. With boys exhibiitng more aggressive, impulsive, an other undercontolled behaviors.
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Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
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Rare, idiosyncratic, reaction to neuroleptic drugs that may be caused by dompamine blockage in the basal gangla. Symptoms include muscle rigidity, hyperthermia, and stupor
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Symptoms of Tricyclic Overdose
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Ataxia, cardiac arrhthmia, and delerium
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5 HT Toxicity
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Headache, confusion, tremor
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Lithium Toxicity
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Nausea, vomiting, loss of coordination, and seizures
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Herzberg's two factor theory
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Hygiene and Motivator Factors
Hygiene = $ Motivator = greater autonomy, challenge, responsibility |
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Piaget 3 Stage Moral Development Model
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1) Premoral
2) Moral Realism - Degree of Consequences 3) Moral Relativism - Intentions behind the act |
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Dx of Mental Retardation
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IQ of 70 or below
Deficits in adaptive functioning |
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Separation Anxiety
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Begins around 6 to 8 mos; increases until the first half of the second year and then declines
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Bandura
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Self Efficacy - People embark on activiites they believe they will be good at. People use four sources of info: 1) past accomplishments; 2) Observations of others; 3) Verbal persuasion; and 4) logical verification.
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Horn and Cattell
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Differentiated between fluid and crystallized intelligence
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The Rosenthal Effect
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The self-fullfilling prophecy. Expecting differences, makes you see them.
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Item Response Curve
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Steeper the slope the greater the ability items can discriminate
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Bounded Discretion
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Limitations on the decision maker placed by social, legal, moral, and organizational factors.
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Autistic children are typically misdiagnosed with ______ and ________ becasue fo their lack of communication.
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hearing impairment
selective mutism |
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Advantage of Cloraril
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Rarely cause movement disorders, but can cause anticholinergic effects
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Recovery of cognitive functions following a head injury
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1. Orientation
2. Place 3. Time |
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Feminist Object Relations
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Explains gender differences in terms of same gender versus opposite gender influence in the mother child relationship
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High vs. Low Context Communication
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High = fewer words
Low = uses more words |
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Minuchin
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Structural Family Therapy
Joining with the family occurs when the therapist successfully adapts to the family, adapts to it's communication style in order to dx and restructure the family |
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Total Quality Management
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Theory of management style that emphasizes employee involvement. Failures occur when employees do not participate fully in problem solving and decision making.
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Studies on aging and memory reveal...
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...show that encoding is the primary problem, while retrieval activity is comparable to young adults
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Huntington's Disease
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Involves affective, motor, and cognitive sx. Early signs include anxiety, depression and emotional lability.
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Apraxia
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Inability to perform purposeful movement
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Retrograde Amnesia
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Cant remember anything before the accident
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Anterograde Amnesia
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Cant learn anything new
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Clomipramine (Anafranil)
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Used to treat OCD and is a tricyclic that resembles SSRI's. It has a good impact on serotonin.
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Tricyclics
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Cause anticholinergic effects (i.e., dry mouth, urinary retention)
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ADHD
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Defecits in behavioral inhibition assoc w/ADHD has been linked with abnormalities in the caudate nucleus. It's abnormally small, as well as the prefrontal cortex adn the globus pallidus
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Holland
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Personality and Career Choice
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Selection ratio and base rates are linked to _________, or decision making accuracy
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incremental validity
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Stepwise regression
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Analysis indicates the fewest number of predictors needed to obtain maximally accurate predictions. Involves adding or subtracting multiple predictios at a time and calculating the multiple correlation coefficient to determine the effects of having more or less predictors.
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Sympathetic Nervous System
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Fight or Flight
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Baumrind
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Parenting Styles
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Cross Cultural Counseling
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Ethnic minorities respond best to goal directed therapies, problem solving and time limited therapy.
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Associative Visual Agnosia
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Occurs when vision and language are disconnected
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Aperceptive Visual agnosia
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cannot name a familiar object she sees, but can name it when it is in one's hand
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Kohler
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Gestalt Psychologist
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Seligman
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Learned Helplessness - Did the study where the dogs were shocked. Wanted to know about the dogs who did not give up. Also assoc with positive psychology.
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Beck
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Collaborative empiricism; Socratic Questioning; Automatic thoughts; core beliefs; schemas; Dichotomous or polarized thinking; catastrophising, overgeneralization; arbiturary influence; selective abstraction; personalization
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Encoding
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Process of storing information in shor term mem
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Ebinghaus
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Nonsense syllables are hard to remember
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Recognition memory
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preserved even in the worst cognitive injuries. Good malingering test.
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Prospective Memory
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Remembering to do
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Yerkes Dodson Law
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Curvilinear relationship between stress and performance
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PET
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Produces a 3D image of the brain
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FMRI
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Measures blood flow while one performs a task
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MRI
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Measures blood flow
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CT Scan
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Structural image
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US before the CS
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Backward conditioning; giving the meat before the bell; the bell will never be conditioned to produce salivation
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Sx in early stages of Alzheimers are most closely linked to...
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the loss of cholinergic neurons or cells that secrete ACh
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Antipsychotics that serve to block particular dopamine receptors
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Haldol
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Clozaril
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Atypical antipsychotic that works on serotonin receptors
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Broca's Aphasia
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Affects speech production
Left frontal lobe |
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Wernickes Aphasia
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Affects receptive speech
Left Temporal Lobe |
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Anomic Aphasia
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Impairs ability to retrieve and label semantic concepts
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Interest Tests (Actuarial vs. Trait and Factor)
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Strong and Kudars - Actuarial (looks for consistencies between variables)
Hollands RIASEC - Trait and Factor |
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Pattern Analysis on WAIS
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High Verbal and Low Performance = left brain damage
Low Verbal and High Performance = Schizophrenia |
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KABC
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Gifted, Minority, preschool children
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Halstead Reitan
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Neuropsych screening for brain damage. Motor, perception and language
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Peabody Picture Vocabulary
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Receptive Vocabulary
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Hiskey Nebraska
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Developed for deaf and hard of hearing children
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Pituitary Gland
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Master Gland
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Adrenal Gland
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Produces Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
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Pancreas
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Metabolizes sugar
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Parathesias
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Abnormal sensations such as numbness, tinging or pricking
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Athetosis
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Slowed movements
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BFOQ
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Bona Fide Occupational Qualification: Must be female for a female restroom attendant
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Stress Inoculation (3 Phases)
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Education
Rehearsal/Skills Training Application training |
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Implosive Therapy
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having an individual repeatedly imagine an anxiety arousing situation and to experience anxiety as intensely as possible in order to extinguish the anxiety response
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Halo Effect
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Raters continue to rate on the basis of their first rating regardless of subsequent behaviors
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AIDS
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is often accompanied by personality change and mood swings
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Multiple Sclerosis
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Often accompanied by personality change and mood swings
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Hypothyroidism
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Often accompanied by delusions and paranoia
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Hypoglycemia
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Often accompanied by anxiety, derpession, and confusion
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Fixed Interval Scallop
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The organism pauses and then gives an increased rate in responding until next reinforcement
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Delerium and Dementia share the following symptoms in common
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Impairment in memory, hallucinations, delusions, depression.
They do not share disturbances in consiousness; only delerium is charac by reduced consiousness. Demented persons are alert. |
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Neoteny
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Idea that change can happen at any point in one's development
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When Verbal is 20 pts or higher
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Indicative of poor visual motor integration
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In order to dx a learning disability
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you need a discrepancy between school perfoormance with IQ
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Normal discrepancy in Verbal Performance
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15 and below
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Unfairness
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One ethnic group consistently gets lower scores on a test, but are able to perform just as well.
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Recipricol Inhibition
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Wolpe's technique using counterconditioning - used to weaken and eliminate anxiety reactions - Using massage to decrease anxiety surrounding sex
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4 Stages of Systematic Desensitization
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1. Relaxation Training
2. Constructing the Axiety Hierarchy 3. Desensitization in Imagination 4. In Vivo |
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Masters and Johnson
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Sensate Focus - Used to treat performance anxiety
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Thorndike
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Law of Effect - Trial and error connectionism - Cats learn how to escape puzzle boxes trough trial and error or instrumental learning
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Law of Effect
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Any response followed by "a satisfying state of affairs" is likely to be repeated
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Anosagnosia
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Failure to recognize one's own impairment
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Schema
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an integrated cluster of knowledge about a concept
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Script
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A cluster of knowledge about sequence of events and actions in a particular situation - a wedding's sequence of events
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Bayley Scales
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Used to assess infant development
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The Buckley Amendment or Family Education Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)
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States that any school district may be denied federal funds if parents of students are not given access to their school records.
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Atkinson's Identity Development Model
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1. Conformity
2. Dissonance 3. Resistance/Immersion 4. Introspection 5. Integrative Awareness |
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Hydrocephalus
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Water Head - an accumulation of fluid in the ventricles usually causing mental retardation
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Helms White Racial Identity
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1. Contact
2. Disintegration 3. Reintegration 4. Pseudo Independence 5. Immersion/Emmersion 6. Autonomy More advanced the therapist, the better it is for the patient |
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Test Item Difficulty
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The closer to 1 the easier the item; .5 is medium and ideal
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Vascular Dementia
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Course of deterioration is "patchy" and there is a stepwise progression of symptoms
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Early Symptoms of Alzheimers
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Include forgetfulness, denial of memory impairment, mood and personality change, loss of interest in usual activities. On the WAIS the lowest scores are usually on Processing Speed and Perceptual Organization
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Troiden's 4 stages of homosexuality Identity
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Sensitiation, Confusion, Assumption, Integration
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Damage to Hippocampus
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Inability to form new memories about facts and events
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Biodata
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Good predictor for some aspects of organizaitonal behavior
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Alzheimer's
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Involves neuron loss in the medial temporal lobe, entorhinal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus. You will see tangles of proteins, clumps of scar tissue, and amyloid plaques.
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Korsokoff's Syndrome
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Displays greater decrements in explicit memory than implicit memory
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Implicit Memory
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non conscious, nonverbal, emotional, procedural is one example
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Explicit Memory
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Conscious, verbal, contextual
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To reduce symptoms of Tardive Dyskenesia
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Decrease Dopamine Levels
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Ability Tracking
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Placing children in groups according to their abilities. Higher achieving students often benefit the most.
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Piaget's Equilibration
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Motivation for cognitive development comes from a drive toward cogntiive balance
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Multiple Sclerosis
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Occurs because of a loss of Myelin on the nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord. Symptoms include numbness, weakness, tremor and ataxia
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Myasthenia Gravis
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Loss of ACh receptors
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Chomsky
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Believed that developing language is innate
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Hyperpolarization
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state of inhibition
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Absolute Refractory Period
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Cell cannot fire regardless of the amount of stimulation
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Long Term Potentiation
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Is believed to underlie certain types of learning and memory
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CT and MRI
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Both are basically an e-ray of the brain, and are structural imaging techniques
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PET
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Provides information on brain functioning
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Catecholemine Hypothesis
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Links depression to low levels of norepenephreine
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Gate Control Theory
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Spinal cord contains gait that can block the transmission of pain to the brain. Negative emotional states tend to keep the gate open.
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Signal Detection Theory
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There are no absolute thresholds for sensations. Detections depends on several factors including the physical snergy of stimulis and the costs and benefits of detecting it or not.
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Pattern Theory
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Certain combinations of stimuli evoke coded patters of neural impulses that lead to the experience of pain
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Hypothyroidism
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Difficulties in concentration, forgetfulness, sensitivity to cold, unexplained weight gain and constipation
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MAOI
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Consuming foods containing tyramine (e.g., aged cheese, beer, wine, soy sauce, chicken liver) when taking an MAOI is likely to produce a hypertensive crisis: extreme headache and high blood pressure.
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Schemata Theory of Memory
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Memories of events are altered by past experiences, current values, and emotions, and expectations about the future. Memories are reconstructions rather than reproductions.
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t-test
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used to compare the means of two groups
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vestibule
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test of abilities by giving a person an on the job scenerio.
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assessment center
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used for the selection, promotion, or placement of managerial level employees
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satisficing
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examining possibel alternatives only until a solution meets minimal requirements is found. Then a person stops looking for alternatives.
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Gestalt
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A person makes change through having awareness of thoughts, emotions and behaviors
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Minuchin
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Found that there are diffuse or weak boundaries in psychosomatic families and a consistent avoidance of conflict.
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Gestalt Principles
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Suggests that a person makes change through awareness of thoughts, emotions and behaviors.
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Kuder Richardson 20
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A method for assessing internal consistency, reliability and like other measures of internal consistency, produces a spuriously high reliability coefficient for speeded tests.
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Minuchin
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The therapist induces stress to create structual change
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MANOVA
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used to assess the affects of one or more IV on two or more DV
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Central route
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more processing of the idea
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Peripheral route
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no deep consideration. quick accept or reject
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Dollard's Frustration Aggression Model
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Purpose of aggression is to remove a frustrating block
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Kurt Lewin
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Field Theory and Motivational Conflict
Approach Approach Approach Avoidance Avoidance Avoidance |
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Neuroleptic Malignent Syndrome
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Causes stiffness in muscles. The chemical CPK increases causing rigidity, stupor, and fever.
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Type I Schizophrenia
Reactive or Acute Schiz. |
+ sx's. Responds well to antipsychotics.
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Type II Schizophrenia
Process |
Negative Sx's. Unresponsive to antipsychotic meds. Believed to be due to structural abnormalities.
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ADHD Children typically do badly on what WISC subtests
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SCAD: Symbol Search, coding, arithmatic, digit span
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Kappa Coefficient
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Measure of inter-rater reliability
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Elaborative Rehearsal
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Involves actively analyzing information and relating it to previously learned information. It is the best way to encode into longterm memory.
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Sensory memory
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lasts less than 2 seconds; cannot be deliberately retained through attention
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psychopharmacological tx for Alzheimer's
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Medications that have a positive effect on memory and reasoning involve increasing the effects of ACh by preventing it's breakdown
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Neurotranmitters that are indicated in Alzheimers
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ACh and L-Glutamate
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Ethnic Matching
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More predictive of tx length than outcome
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Damage to temporal lobe
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Can cause damage to Wernickes area causing receptive aphasia. Can also cause severe anterograde amnesia causing an inability to transfer info to long term memory. Can cause temporal lobe epilepsy and changes in sexuality.
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3 types of "rigid triangles" or boundary disturbances as described by Minuchin
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1. Triangulation: child's loyalty to one parent means rejection of the other
2. Detouring: tension between the husband and the wife is reduced through the attention they pay to a child through scapegoating or overprotection. 3. Stable coalition: occurs when the child and parent consistently gang up against the parent. |
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Marital Skew
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a term used by Lidz to describe a situation where the dominant partner has serious pathology and the other partner is dependent and provides support.
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Thomas and Chess: Goodness of Fit between parent and child
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Childhood pathology is related to lack of fit between child's temperament and the parent's style
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Caudate Nucleus
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Involved in converting sensory input into cognition and action. Appears to be over-active in OCD. Treatment involves reducing activity in this area.
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marital quid quo pro
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the implicit and explicit expectation in a marriage
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Implicit Memory
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An aspect of long term memory that does not require conscious recall. Studies have found that itis resistant to age, brain damage, and drug induced amnesia. This is memory for words and objects.
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Vygotsy
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Cognitive development is most influenced by social interactions that occur within the child's zone of proximal development
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Alzheimer's
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Procedural memory left fairly intact whild episodic and semantic becomes incrasingly worse.
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Moro Reflex
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Occurs when a baby is dropped or exposed to a loud noise.
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Babinski Reflex
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Produces by tickling te middle of the soles of the infant's feet
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Babkin Reflex
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Occurs in response to an object being placed in both of an infant's palms
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Palmar or Darwinian Reflex
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A response to placing something in the infants palm
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Levels of Mental Retardation
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Mild 55-70
Moderate 40-55 Severe 25-40 Profound under 25 Also the age of onset must be prior to age 18. |
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Learning Disorder
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Achievement must be substantially below IQ (more than 2 standard deviations)
If so, you can be dx with: Reading Disorder Math Disorder Writing Disorder Think of the 3 R's: Reading, Writing and Arithmatic |
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Pervasive Developmental Disorder
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Autism
Rhett's Childhood Disintegrative Disorder Asberger's |
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Imiprimine
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Is successful in treating enurises
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Haldol
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Blocks release of dopamine
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Differential Dx of Dementia
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Delerium
Pseudo Dementia Depression Development of multiple cognitive deficits subsequent to medical conditions |
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Cerebellum
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Balance, voluntary movements of skeletal muscles
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Free Rider Effect
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Suggests that people reduce their effort on a group task when they observe that their contributions to a group are dispensible and that the group will succeed without them
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Jigsaw Classroom
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Students work together in teams in order to complete an assignment. This helps to reduce hostiliites related to racial, ethinic, or cultural differences.
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Sherif's Robber's Cave Study
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Found that cooperation in achieving a superordinate goal reduced hostility between groups of boys.
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Berkowitz Frustration Anxiety Hypothesis
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Found that frustration leads to aggression, particularly in the presence of aggressive cues.
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Ajzen and Fishbein: Reasoned Action Theory
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People consider two factors when deciding whether to behave in certain ways:
1. Their attitude toward the behavior. 2. Subjective norms that apply to the situation. |
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OCD
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Treated successfully by clomipramine
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Decentralized Communication Network
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All people in the system can communicate freely with each other.
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Centralized Communication network
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Autocratic associated with decreased employee morale, Works best with simple tasks
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Brief Psychotic Disorder
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Lasts for no more than a month
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Regression
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Used to predict x from y. A regression line is pretty much a running average.
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Dementia
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Mose dx psychiatric illness
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Beck's Therapeutic Approach
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Collaborative empiracism
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Driver's Career Concepts
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Steady State
Linear Spiral Transitory |
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Solomon Four Group Design
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Purpose of this design is to evaluate the effects of pretesting on a study's internal and external validity
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Helm's 6 Identity Status'
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Contact
Disintegration Reintegration Pseudo Independence Immersion/Emersion Autonomy |
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Equipotentiality Law
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States that intact areas of the brain can assume the functions of aras that have been destroyed
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Ehoic Memory
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Memory for sounds
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Iconic Memory
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Memory for images
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Falloon
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Leading figure in behavioral marital family therapy
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Framo
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Object Relations family therapist
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Ackerman
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Incorporated psychoanalytic concepts and processes into a family therapy approach
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Satir
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A humanistic family therapist who assumed that people want to be while, genuine, and authentic. In therapy she'd look for healthy intentions even in unhealthy behaviors.
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Types of Prevention Strategies
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Primary Prevention: Designed to keep the problem from developing. Not smoking cigarettes.
Secondary: Early identification and intervention. Going in for health screenings. Tertiary: Preventing a proplem from becoming chronic. Eating a good diet while dx with diabetes. |
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Introjection
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Object Relations theorists refer to introjection as when one assimilates parts of an oject as part of oneself.
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Cross's 4 Stages of Black Identity Development
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pre-encounter
encounter immersion/emersion internalization |
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Ideomotor Apraxia
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Inability to carry out simple motor actions like blowing out a match with the understanding that you have the deficit.
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Sensitive vs. a Critical Period
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A sensitive period is longer and more flexible than a critical period. One good example is language. One can still develop language after the sensitive period, however it may be more difficult to do so. Like learning a 2nd language in HS.
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Canalization
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Is the tendency for genetic endowment to restrict the development of certain characteristics.
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Range of Reaction
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Refers to the fact that each individual responds to the environment differently because fo their genetic endowment.
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Vroom and Yetton's Leadership Model
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Distinguishes between Autocratic, Consultative, and Group Decision Making Leadership Styles. The best one is determined by the situation.
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Falloon's Inner vs Outer Externalization
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Inner: Adapt to co exist with the problem
Outer: Problems can be defeated |
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Cause of Parkinson's
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Degeneration of cells in the substantia nigra
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Causes of Vascular Dementia
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Hypertenstion, diabetes, and cigarette smoking are high risk factors
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Causes for Pick's Disease and Alzheimers are largely_________.
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Unknown
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Adler believed that...
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people are motivated primarily by the need to belong. However, this need may be misdirected into one of four goals: attention, power, revenge, or to display inadequacy.
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Persons with a low need for achievement prefer tasks that are _________.
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highly difficult.
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Persons with a high need for achievement have a need for tasks that are ________.
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Moderately Difficult
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Delerium Tremons
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Involve delerium, delusions, hallucinations, agitated behavior, and autonomic hyperactivity (sweating, tachycardia).
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Path Analysis
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Evaluate the viability of a causal model for a set of variables.
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Smith and Glass
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Meta analysis of several hundred therapy outcome studies found that 75% of individuals were "better off with therapy" than no therapy. The various typs of therapy were not significantly different. behavioral treatment slighlty more effective for certain disorders.
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Needs Assessment
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The first step in designing a training program
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Job Analysis
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KAOS
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Job Evaluation
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Worth
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Instrumental Abuse
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Brutal, Dangerous, an committed with little provocations. Seperate tx of couple is reccommended.
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Expressive Abuse
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Abuse related to the emotional life of the couple. Conjoint tx rec.
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Pseudologia Fantastica
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uncontrollable pathological lying about one's hx
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vorbeirdin
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giving approximate answers
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Family Systems Feedback Loops
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Negative: Preserves current level of functioning or homeostasis
Positive: Produces change |
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Job Enlargement
vs. Job Enrichment |
Both serve to increase satisfaction. However, enlargement increases variety of job tasks, while enrichment encreases autonomy, freedom, and greater responsibility.
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Alderfer's ERG
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Existence, Relatedness and Growth
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Roe
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Linked Occupational choice to personality and basic needs. Influenced by Maslow. Personality and needs determined by early family acceptance, avoidance, avoidance, over production.
Moving toward others. Moving not toward others. |
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Theory X and Y
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Distinction between scientific management and human relations approach
x - Employees dislike work and avoid it y - Work is as natural as play Y is more likely to lead to an effective organization. |
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Scientific Management
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Looks at how workers can complete jobs in less time and with greater efficiency.
You can do this by: analyzing job into parts; selection of employees; training; fostering cooperation; responsibility. |
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GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME
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the sequence of physiological reactions produced by protracted periods of stress; consists of three stages: the alarm reaction, resistance to stress, and exhaustion.
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DOUBLE APPROACH-AVOIDANCE CONFLICT
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-- a conflict arising from . having to choose between two goals, each of which has both attracting and repelling aspects.
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Kurt Lewin's Conflict Theory
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APPROACH-APPROACH CONFLICT -- a conflict stemming from aroused motives which have as their objective two desirable but incompatible goals.
APPROACH-AVOIDANCE CONFLICT -- a conf lict arising when an individual has tendencies both to approach and to avoid the same goal object. - AVOIDANCE-AVOIDANCE CONFLICT -- a conflict resulting from the simultaneous arousal of motives to avoid two alternative goals, both of which are unpleasant. (The conflict arising from having to choose be- tween two |
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COGNITIVE NARROWING --
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the tendency, arising from frustration, to limit attention to a small range and thus be blind to alternative paths.
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ADRENAL CORTICAL STEROIDS --
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hormones from the adrenal gland which regulate the body's use of sugar, water and minerals.
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Polythetic Criteria Set
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Don't need all of the symptoms to have a dx.
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Characteristics of Rett's
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usually develops after a perioid of normal development (5 mos.); characterized by head growth decelerization; poor coordinated gait; only females
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In which disorder do skills disintigrate after 2 years normal development?
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Childhood disentegrative disorder
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What (2) disorders commonly co-occur with Tourette's Disorder?
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OCD and ADHD
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3 Stages of Alzherimer's
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1. short-term memory loss (where did I park my car?) Lasts 2-4 years
2. More memory problems; dificulty with complex taskes Lasts 2-10 years 3. Serious impairment in all functioing; don't recognize family/ self. Lasts 1-3 years |
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What are the three major differences between vascular dementia (VD) and Alzheimers?
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1. Cause (VD caused by CVA) 2. Progression (A is slow; VD stepwise) 3. Deficits (VD initially patch not uniform)
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Who has the highest suicide rate among all ethnic groups?
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Native Americans under 45 (if not a choice, whites are more likely than non-whites)
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What are the three common classes of anti-depressants?
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-MAO inhibitors -tricyclics -SSRIs
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What neurotransmittor(s) do the MAO Inhibitors primarily act on?
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Norepenephrine
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What neurotransmittor(s) do the Tricyclics primarily act on?
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Serotonin and Norepenephrine
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Most common S/E Lithium
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Fine motor tremor
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If a person has schizophrenia, what is the liklihood (a) their biological sibling will also have it? (b) dizygotic twin? (c)monozygotic twin?
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10% b: 15-17% c: 46-48%
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What are factors related to a better outcome for people with Schizophrenia?
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-female -later age onset -precipitating external events -pos. symptoms -good premorbid adjustment -no family hx. -early intervention
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Haley (communications theorist) deals with what three concepts?
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Double-bind, setting coalitions, and paradoxical interventions
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What term in Gestalt therapy refers to adopting the values and behaviors of others w/o fully assimilating them?
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introjection
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What are the basic needs associated with Reality Therapy?
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Survival, belonging, power, fun and freedom
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Masculine protest is associated with which theorist? And describes what?
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Adler. Inferiority complexes that provide motivation to grow.
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Stranger anxiety emerges at what age? When is it most intense?
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8-10 months; 18 months
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What are some characteristics of child exposed to cocaine in utero?
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Oversensitivity to sensory stimulation, low birth weight, increase liklihood to be born premature, smaller head circumference
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Which two subtests on the WAIS are most sensitive to organic brain disease?
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Digit span and digit symbol-coding
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Describe anaclitic depression
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Occurs in 6-8 month old infants who have been deprived of maternal attention. Sx's: withdrawal, crying, insomnia, dec. in physical health
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What does the Strong Interest Inventory assess?
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Job interests for individuals interested in business/professional work
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Insight learning is associated with which theorist?
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Kohler (a-ha)
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Describe the two types of long-term memory
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Explicit (aka declarative) facts; Implicit (aka procedural) skills
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Which brain structure is involved in processing all sensory information except olfaction?
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Thalamus
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The Tricyclics include:
|
imipramine, clomipramine, amtriptyline (Tofranil, Anafranil, Elavil)
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SSRI's Include
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fluoxetine, sertaline, paroxetaline (Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil)
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MAOI's include
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phenelzine and tranylcypromine (Nardil, Parnate)
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Long term potention occurs in which brain structure? And is associated with what?
|
Hippocampal neurons; learning and formation of memories
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In a negatively skewed distribution, most scores are: low, medium or high?
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Very high with a few extreme low scores
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Why does one calculate Standard Error of Measurement?
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To determine a confidence interval around a measured score.
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How does one calculate Standard Error of Measurement?
|
Stand. Er. Meas= Stand. Dev multiplied by (the square root of 1 minus the reliability coeeficient)
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Validity
|
A test is valid when a test measures what it intends to measure.
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z score
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z=x-mean/SD
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Kohlberg's moral development
|
Level 1 Pre-Conventional
1. Obedience and punishment orientation (How can I avoid punishment?) 2. Self-interest orientation (What's in it for me?) Level 2 (Conventional) 3. Interpersonal accord and conformity (Social norms) (The good boy/good girl attitude) 4. Authority and social-order maintaining orientation (Law and order morality) Level 3 (Post-Conventional) 5. Social contract orientation 6. Universal ethical principles (Principled conscience) |
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Kohlberg's Stages of Gender Deveopment in Children
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Gender Identity: The child knows that he or she is a male or a female, but the child fails to realize that gender is a constant attribute. Most three year olds had reached this stage.
Gender stability: The child knows that their gender is stable over time. A child in this stage knows that boys will grow up to be men and that girls will grow up to be women. 4-6 Gender consistency: The child knows a person gender stay the same regardless of changes in the person's activitives or appearance. For example, A 6 or 7 year old who had reached this stage knows a person gender stay the same when a person dressup like a member of the other sex or when a person does cross-sex activitives. |
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George Kelly
|
Developed Personal Construct Therapy: Based on the premise that person's constuct their own experiences. Influenced by the narrative-constructivist approach
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Cannon Bard Theory of Emotions
|
Emphasizes brain structures, specifically the thalamus and cerebral cortex
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|
A needs assessment ordinarily consist of what 3 componants
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1. job requirements
2. person's performing the job 3. organizational analysis, or goals of the organization |
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Huntington's Disease
|
Since it is caused by a dominat gene. A child with one parent has a 50% chance of inheriting it.
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Alzheimer's Disease
|
Alzheimer's Disease is a progressive degenerative disorder that begins with anterograde amnesia (the inability to form new memories). The anterograde amnesia gradually worsens and, evenutally the individual also exhibits retrograde amnesia.
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|
|
the goal in in vivo exposure ...
|
...is to extinguish the classically conditioned response
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|
Primary vs. Secondary Intervention
|
Primary is normally geared toward a group of individuals (i.e., DARE). Secondary, kids identified as high risk for poor grades because of a learning disability enter an after school program.
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|
Piaget's stages of development
|
1. Sensorimotor 0-2 - Object permanence 8 mo; usderstanding of causality 10 mo; symbolic representation thouth 18 mo
2. Preoperational 2-7: symbolic/semiotic thought permits child to learn through language, symbols; magical thinking (having bad thoughts about dad will cause a bad thing to happen to him); egocentrism; centration- they focus in on the most notable thing about an onbject 3. Concrete Operational 7-11: Conservation; capable of logic and metnal operations 4. Formal Operational 11 +: a person can think abstractly and relativistically |
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Vygotsky
|
Acknowledged the impact of biology on cognitive development, but placed greater emphasis on social and cultural factors. The Zone of Proximal development was a basic Vygotsky theory, involving where a child is, and where a child can go with adult help or scaffolding.
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Mesosystem
|
When elements of the microsystem ineract: school and parents.
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Exosystem
|
Parents workplace
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Macrosystem
|
Cultural beliefs, economy, political ideologies
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nativist approach to language development
|
emphasizes biological mechanisms and stresses universal patterns. Chomsky is an advocate of this position. Proposed idea of an innate language acquisition devise (LAD).
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surface vs deep structure
|
org of words and sentences; meaning
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measurement error/ random error
|
It is due to factors that are irrelevant to what is being measured by the test and that have an upredicatable (unsystematic) effect on an examinee's test score
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Reliability
|
Provides dependable, consistent results
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Reliability Coefficient
|
a correlation coefficient from 0.0 to 1.0. When a test's reliability coefficient is 0.0, this means that all variability in obtained test scores is due to measurement error. +1.0 = true score variability.
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Split Half Reliability
|
Method for evaluating internal consistency; ordinarily corrected by the Spearman Brown Prophecy Formula
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|
Cronbach's Coefficient Alpha
|
used to provide the average degree of inter-item consistency; when test items are scored dichotomously, a variation of coefficient alpha known as the Kuder Richardson 20 is used.
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Kappa Statistic
|
Used as a measure of Inter-Rater Reliability
|
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|
Convergent and Discriminant Validity
|
Does teh test have high correlations with measure of the same trait and low correlations with measures of unrelated traits; the multitrait-multimethod matrix is used to measure convergent/discrimant validity
|
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|
Factor Analysis
|
Examines construct validity and convergent/discriminant validity
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|
Criterion Validity
|
when test scores are to be used to draw conclusions about an examinee's likely standing or performance on another measure.
There are 2 Forms: Concurrent and Predictive Both refer to the time which the predictor and criterion are administered. Concurrent is at the same time, while predictive is the criterion is measures sometime after the predicotry. |
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Incremental Validity
|
Increase in correct decisions that can be expected if the predictor is used as a decision making tool.
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