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459 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Piaget's Stage characterized by:
circular reactions object permanence mental representation |
Sensorimotor
(0-2) |
|
Piaget's Staget characterized by:
semiotic funciton precausal/transductive reasoning egocentrism irreversibility centration |
Preoperational
(2-7) |
|
Piaget's Stage characterized by:
horizontal decolage capable of mental operations |
Concrete Operational
(7-11) |
|
Piaget's Stage characterized by:
renewed egocentrism (personal fable, imaginary audience) abstract reasoning |
Formal Operational
(11+) |
|
Magical Reasoning and Animism are a part of which of Piaget's stages?
|
Preoperational
(occur as result of transductive reasoning) |
|
At what age does Mental representation develop?
|
18-24 months
|
|
At what age does object permanence dx?
|
8-12 months
|
|
What is horizontal decolage?
|
gradual dx of skills (e.g., conservation)
Results in inconsistency in an ability |
|
A child's relationship with his teacher is part of which of Bronfenbrenner's levels?
|
Microsystem
|
|
Impact of parents fighting on child's behavior at school is part of which of Bronfenbrenner's stages?
|
Mesosystem
|
|
Impact of the school board or mass media on child's fxing is part of which of Bronfenbrenner's stages?
|
Exosystem
|
|
Impact of political/cultural beliefs on child's fxining is part of which of Bronfenbrenners' stages?
|
Macrosystem
|
|
Language acquisition is due to biological mechanisms; Language dx is universal
|
Nativist (Chomsky)
|
|
Gender differences in language
|
Boys: try to establish dominance, gain attention, or give orders; men talk longer, interrupt more
Girls: language provides support, demonstrates attentiveness; women more likely ask questions |
|
Piaget's Stage of Moral Dx in which children exhibit little concern for rules
|
Premoral (<6)
|
|
Piaget's Stage of Moral Dx in which children believe rules are set by authority figures; focus is on consequences
|
Heteronomous (7-10)
|
|
Piaget's Stage of Moral Dx in which children focus on intent of actor and realize rules are aribtaryr and can be changed
|
Autonomous (11+)
|
|
Kohlberg's Stage of Moral Dx in which children focus on gaining approval of others and on gaining rewards
|
Preconventional (<10)
|
|
Kohlberg's Stage of Moral Dx in which children focus on gaining approval of others; judgments are based on rules established by authority figures
|
Conventional (10-late adol)
|
|
Kohlberg's Stage of Moral Dx in which children focus on democratically det'd laws; moral action based on universal ethical principles
|
Postconventional (late adol)
|
|
Erikson's Psychosocial Stages
|
Trust v. Mistrust (infancy)
Autonomy v. Shame/Doubt (toddler) Initiative v. Guilt (early childhood) Industry v. Inferiority (school age) ID v. Role Confusion (adolescence) Intimacy v. Isolation (young adult) Generativity v. Stagnation (mid-adult) Ego Integrity v. Despair (old age) |
|
Freud's Psychosexual Stages
|
Oral (0-1)
Anal (1-3) Phallic (3-6) Latnecy (6-12) Gential (12+) |
|
Parenting style linked with children who are:
irritable, aggressive, dependent, low self-esteem, academic underachvmnt |
Authoritarian
|
|
Parenting style linked with children who are:
assertive, self-confident, socially responsible, achvmnt oriented |
Authoritative
|
|
Parenting style linked with children who are:
impulsive, self-centered, easily frustrated, low achvmnt/independence |
Permissive
|
|
Parenting style linked with children who are:
impulsive, moody, aggressive, low self-esteem |
Rejecting/Neglecting
|
|
What predicts dx of conscience for children who are fearful/anxious?
|
Gentle discipline (control with reasoning, suggestion, reinforcement)
|
|
What predicts dx of conscience for children who are fearful/ NON-anxious?
|
Secure attachment
|
|
What type of parenting style is predictive of school success?
|
Authoritative, but mediated by culture/ethnicity
(AA's are more strongly influenced by peers than parenting style) |
|
Separation anxiety occurs at:
|
6-8 months, peaks at 14-18 months
|
|
Stranger Anxiety occurs at:
|
8-10 months through 2 years
Note: Natural part of dx, NOT linked to attachment/parenting style |
|
In Strange Situation, children who get mildly upset, but seek contact when the mother returns, are:
|
Securely Attached
|
|
In Strange Situation, children who are very disturbed by absence but who become angry or resist physical contact when mother returns, are:
|
Insecure- Ambivalent/Resistant
|
|
In Strange Situation, children who show little distress by their mothers' absence and run away or ignore her when she returns are:
|
Insecure- Avoidant
|
|
In Strange Situation, children who are fearful of caregivers and demonstrate confused facial expressions, are:
|
Disorganized/Disoriented
|
|
Mothers who are: moody, inconsistent in their caregiving will have children with what type of attachment?
|
Insecure- Ambivalent/Resistnat
|
|
Mothers who are: impatient/unresponsive OR provide too much stimulation will have children with what type of attachment?
|
Insecure- Avoidant
|
|
Mothers who are abusive will have children with what type of attachment?
|
Disorganzied/Disoriented
|
|
Treatments for Reducing aggression in children include:
|
-Social Skills Training, with focus on teaching alt ways for dealing with anger
-Parent Mgmnt Training: designed to stop coercive interactions in family -Cognitive Training: teach boys that aggression hurts, doesn't solve probs, and can be handles in diff way |
|
Adolescent drug use is linked to:
|
alientation, impulsivity, distress
|
|
Adolescent drug experimentation linked to:
|
peer pressure
|
|
Instrumental Abuse
|
brutal, dangerous, occurs with little provocation
Tx: make sure couple is physically separated, provide separate tx |
|
Expressive Abuse
|
occurs within the context of escalating conflict
Tx: have couple sign a no violence contract, provide joint tx |
|
By what age do children understand that death is a universal, biolgical process?
|
age 10
Note: newer research suggests much earlier, like around 5.5 |
|
At what age doe children understand death is irreversible, but tend to personify it?
|
5-9 years old
|
|
At what age do children describe themselves in terms of specific behaviors?
|
2-6 years old
|
|
At what age do children describe themselves in terms of physical competencies ("I'm good at...")
|
7-8 years old
|
|
At what age do children describe themselves in terms of personality traits?
|
10-12 years old
|
|
GAF Score of 21-30
|
-unable to fxn in almost all areas
-hallucinations/delusions -serious impairment in communicaiton/judgment |
|
GAF Score of 31-40
|
-major impairment in several areas of fxning
-impairments in reality testing or communication |
|
GAF Score of 41-50
|
-serious impairment in fxing (e.g., no friends)
-serious sx's (e.g., suicidal ideation) |
|
GAF Score of 51-60
|
-moderate impairment in fxining
-moderate sx's |
|
Brain abnormalities associated with:
Autism |
-reduced cerebellum
-enlarged ventricles -abnormal basal ganglia, frontal lobes |
|
NT abnormalites assoc'd with autism
|
-serotonin, norepeinehprine, dopamine
|
|
Brain abnormalities associated with:
ADHD |
-low activity in frontal cortex and basal ganglia (striatum, globus pallidus, substantia nigra)
-small caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, prefrontal cortex |
|
Basal Ganglia is comprised of:
|
Striatum (putamen & caudate nucleus)
Globus Pallidus Suthalamic Nucleus Substantia Nigra |
|
NT abnormalities assoc's with Tourettes
|
Eleveated dopamine
|
|
Brain abnormalities associated with:
Tourette's |
basal ganglia and frontal lobe
|
|
NT abnormalities associated with:
Alzheimer's |
low Ach
|
|
Causes of Impotence
|
-psychological factors
-diabetes mellitus -antipsychotics/antidepressants -liver/kidney disease |
|
Brain abnormalities associated with:
Schizophrenia |
-enlarged ventricles
-small hippocampus, amygdala, globus pallidus -hypofrontality -decreased activity in prefrontal cortex |
|
NT abnormalities associated with:
Schizophrenia |
-increased dopamine
-Increased norepinephrine, serotonin -decreased GABA, glutamate |
|
Dopamine Hypothesis
|
Elevated dopamine linked to schizophrneia
|
|
Catelcholamine Hypothesis
|
Decrease norepinephrine/dopamine linked to Deression
|
|
Indolamine Hypothesis
|
Decreased serotonin linked to Depression
|
|
Etiology of Depression
|
-decreased norepinephrine/dopamine
-decreases serotonin -elevated corisol -lack of cell growth in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus |
|
Selgiman's Learned Helplenss theory of depression
|
internal, stable, global attributions
|
|
Rehm's Self Control Model of Depression
|
-attend most to negative events and immediate outcomes
-make inaccurate attributions, stringent self-evalations -low self-reinforcement/ high self-punishment |
|
Beck's Cognitive Triad theory of depression
|
Negative/illogical statements about oneself, world and future
|
|
Concordance Rates for Schizophrenia:
Siblings |
10%
|
|
Concordance Rates for Schizophrenia:
Child |
46%
|
|
Concordance Rates for Schizophrenia:
Fraternal Twins |
17%
|
|
Concordance Rates for Schizophrenia:
Identical Twins |
48%
|
|
Concordance Rates for Bipolar Disorder:
Identical Twins |
65%
|
|
Concordance Rates for Bipolar Disorder:
Fraternal Twins |
14%
|
|
Mowrer's 2-factor Theory of Phobias
|
Phobias dx as result of avoidance conditioning, which is a combo of classical and operant conditioning
|
|
NT abnormality assoc'd with OCD
|
Decreased serotonin
|
|
Brain abnormality assoc'd with OCD
|
overactive caudate nucleus
|
|
Confabulation
|
fabrication of events/facts to compensate for memory loss
|
|
Circumstantiality
|
Indirect, delayed speech due to unnecssary details or parenthetical remarks
-Common in OCD, schizoprhenia |
|
Loosening of Assocations
|
loss of point of speech
|
|
Tangentiality
|
digressing to irrelevant topics
(In extreme form, becomes loosening of associations) |
|
Prognosis of schizophrenia associated with:
|
-acute, late onset
-female -good premorbid adjustment -family hx of mood disorder -brief active phase -insight into illness -No hx of attention disorder |
|
Psychotic Sx's present for 1-6 months
|
Schizophreniform D/O
|
|
Nonbizarre/plausible delusions for 1+ month
|
Delusional D/O
|
|
Prominant Mood Sx's + psychotic sx's
|
Schizoaffective D/O
|
|
Postpartum depression occurs in:
|
10-15% of women
|
|
Postpartum blues occurs in:
|
50-80% of women
|
|
Rates for suicide:
Highest for what group? When are rates similar for AA and Wh males? for Wh males, at what age does sharp increase occur? |
-highest among Wh males
-Rates for Wh and AA males similar in adol and early adulthood -For Wh males, rates rise slowly until 65, then sharp increase for remainder of lifespan |
|
For AA males, when is highest rate of suicide?
|
between 20-24
|
|
Most prevalent disorders linked to adolescent suicide
|
Affective D/O
Conduct D/O Antisocial Personality D/O Substance Abuse |
|
Delirium
|
-disturbance in consciousness (decreased attn, awareness)
-changes in cognition (memory loss, disorientation, impaired language) -perceptual abnormalities (illusions, hallucinations) |
|
Delirium v. Dementia
Which dex's within hours-days? |
Delirium
|
|
Delirium v. Dementia
Which has slow, progressive deficits? |
Dementia
|
|
Primary memory deficits associated with:
Alzheimers Less subtle deficits in...? |
-Primary defiicits in episodic memory
-Subtle deficits in semantic memory (which leads to impaired verbal production) -gradual onset, slow, progressive decline |
|
Memory deficits associated with:
Vascular dementia |
-cognitive impairment
-focal neurological impairment -stepwise, fluctuating course -patchy sx's |
|
Memory deficits associated with:
HIV |
-1st: forgetful, inattentive, slow processing
-Then: difficulty w/ problem solving and concentration, apathy, social w/d, tremor, clumsiness -Finally: slowness, depression, anxiety |
|
Memory deficits associated with:
dementia due to head trauma or subcortical dementia |
-effects cognition, emotion, memory
|
|
Memory deficits associated with:
cortical dementia |
aphasia and other langauge impairments
|
|
Memory deficits associated with:
Amnestic Disorder (e.g., Korsakoff's) |
disproportionate memory deficits compared to other cognitive impairments
|
|
Memory deficits associated with:
Pseudodementia |
-abrupt onset
-Impairments in procedural and recall -Recognition memory intact! |
|
Deficits associated with:
Dementia (in general) |
-Cognitive Deficits (memory impairment in recall/recognition, & declarative memory)
-Aphasia, apraxia, agnosia -impaired executive fxning |
|
Rates of depression
|
highest among married women
Women: highest among married and if 3+ children under 14yo Men: lowest among married |
|
Somatization Disorder
|
-Recurrent somatic complaints (including pain, GI, pseudoneurological)
-dramatic, overstated, ambigous -seek multiple tx and procedures |
|
Conversion Disorder
|
-Motor/Sensory Sx's that are NOT voluntarily produced
-sx's caused by psychological factors -either overly dramatic/histrionic OR lack of concern for sx's -May be for primary gain (keep internal conflict out of consc) or secondary gain (obtain support from envt) |
|
-Intentionally produced sx's
-Goal is to adopt sick role -overly dramatic but vague, inconsistenter |
Factitious Disorder
|
|
-intentinally produced sx's
-Goal is to obtain external reward (e.g., avoid work, get financial compensation) |
Malingering
|
|
-exagg'd sensitivity to rejection
-distort experiences, misinterpret others actions as hostile -stubborn, argumentative about beliefs |
Paranoid Personality Disorder
|
|
-indifference to relationships
-restricted range of emtional expression -prefers to be alone; doesnt enjoy relat's -indifference to praise |
Shizoid Personality Disorder
|
|
-pervasive social/interpersonal deficits
-eccentricities in cognition/affect -social anxiety (want to be with people, but act in way that excludes others) |
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
|
|
-disregard for social norms/rules
-impuslive -indifference to rights/feelings of others |
Antisocial Personality Disorder
|
|
-emotional dysregulation
-extreme B&W thinking -splitting -turbulent relationhsips |
Bordeline Personality Disorder
|
|
-excessive emotional expression (dramatic, enthusiastic)
-attention seeking -need for approval -inappropriate seductiveness, flirtatiousness |
Histrionic Personality Disorder
|
|
-extreme focus on self
-grandiose, entitled -preoccupied with fantasises of sucess, power -believe self to be "special" or "unique" -requires excessive admiration -lack of empathty -takes advantage of others for own needs |
Narcissitic Personality Disorder
|
|
-pervaisve pattern of social inhibition
-feeling of indaquency, extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation -believe self to be inept/unappealing -avoid social intxns for fear of being ridiculed, humiliated -alienated |
Avoidant Personality Disorder
|
|
-dependent on others
-difficulty making decisions on own -difficulty expressing disagreement -lack of self-confidence -seeks nurturance/support from others, even to point of doing things that are unpleasant -fear of being alone |
Dependent Personality Disorder
|
|
-inflexibility, striving for perfection (interferes with task completion)
-rigid conformity to rules, lists -devotion to work/productivity -overconsientious, inflexibile about morals -miserly -can't delegate |
Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder
|
|
Systematic desensitization and Behavioral Sex therapy are absed on:
|
Countercondtioning
(which is type of classical cond'g) |
|
In Vivo Aversion tx and Covert sensitization are based on:
|
Aversive counterconditioning
(which is type of classical cond'g) |
|
Flooding, Implosive tx, graduated exposure, and EMDR are based on:
|
Classical Extinction
(which is type of classical cond'g) |
|
Shaping, Premack principle, and differential reinforcement are based on:
|
Reinforcement
(Operant cond'g) |
|
Reprimands, overcorrection, response cost, and time out are based on:
|
Punishment
(Operant cond'g) |
|
What are the 4 sources of self-efficacy beliefs (Bandura)?
|
1-past accomplishments
2-observation of others 3-verbal persuasion 4-logical verification |
|
Acquisiton of complex behaviors in classical cond'g:
|
higher order conditioning
|
|
Acquisiton of complex behaviors in operant cond'g
|
chaining
|
|
What type of CBT attempts to alter irrational beliefs about an event?
|
REBT (Ellis)
|
|
Therapists who use REBT are:
|
educational, confrontative, persuasive
|
|
What type of CBT focuses on automatic thoughts and cognitive distortions?
|
Beck
|
|
dogmatic demands, awfulizing, low frustration tolerance, and negative evaluations are examples of:
|
Irrational Beliefs (Ellis)
|
|
aribtary inference
overgeneralization selective abstraction personalization polarized thinking emotional reasoning are examples of: |
Beck's cognitive distortions
|
|
Beck's Cognitive Triad consists of ________ and is associated with ________
|
-negative view of self, world, future
-depression |
|
Beck viewed anxiety as:
|
excessive form of normal survival mechanisms
-unrealistic fears about physical/psychological threats |
|
collaborative empiricism is assoc'd with:
|
Beck
|
|
Use of socratic questioning is assoc's with:
|
Beck
|
|
Structural/Drive theory
|
Freud
|
|
Focus on style of life
|
Adler
|
|
Focus on conscious and peronal/collective unconcsious
|
Jung
|
|
For Jung, libido =
|
general psychic energy
|
|
For Freud, libido =
|
sexual/aggressive energy
|
|
Focus on internalized representations of relationships with others
|
Object Relations
|
|
For Freud, phobia =
|
-neurotic anxiety
-a perception of danger from forbidden instict -when expressed externally, escape unconscious |
|
Normal Autism occurs at what age? and refers to what?
|
0-1 month
oblivious to external envt |
|
Noramal Symbiosis occurs at what age? and refers to what?
|
2-3 months
infant fused with mother and does not differentiate between I and not-I |
|
Separation-Individuation occurs at what age? and refers to what?
|
4 months
-sensory then physical exploraiton of envt -conflict between independence and dependence, which results in separation anxiety |
|
Object Constancy occurs at what age and refers to what?
|
3 years
-permanent sense of self; able to perceive others as both separate and related |
|
Focus on self-actualization
|
Person-centered (Rogers)
|
|
Conditions of worth are associated with:
|
Rogers' person-centered tx
|
|
What are Rogers' 3 Facilitative Conditions:
|
1-unconditional positive regard
2-genuineness 3-acurate empathic understanding |
|
view of neurotic bx as growth disorder that involves abandonment of self for self-image?
|
Gestalt Tx
|
|
Boundary disturbances (introjection, projection, retroflection, confluence) are associated with:
|
Gestalt Tx
|
|
Th's from which school view transference as couterproductive?
|
Gestalt tx
|
|
Empty chair and Top Dog/Underdog are associated with:
|
Gestalt tx
|
|
-Focus on depersonalization, loneliness, isolation
-view people in constant state of becoming |
Existential Tx
|
|
For Gestalt Th's, the primary curative factor is:
|
awareness (full understanding of thoughts, feelings, actions in here and now)
|
|
View of therapy as authentic , collaborative, egalitrian relationship
|
Person Centered (Rogers)
|
|
Goal of therapy is to provide support & acceptance and to restore ability to relate to others in meaninful way
|
Object Relations tx
|
|
Success/Failure ID associated with:
|
Glasser (Reality Tx)
|
|
Belief that individual's should suffer ntaural consequences for their actions
|
Glasser (Reality Tx)
|
|
emphasize Ct's ability to judge what is right/wrong about daily life
|
Glasser (Reality Tx)
|
|
Teach Ct's specific behaviors to fulfill their needs
|
Glasser (Reality Tx)
|
|
Goal of tx is:
-sx reductin -improve interpersonal fxing |
IPT
|
|
Stage of change where individual has little insight into need for change, does not intent to change?
|
Precontemplation
|
|
aware of need for change, ready to change in next 6 months
|
Contemplation
|
|
Clear intent to take action within next month
|
Preparation
|
|
Begins to take steps to bring about change
|
Action
|
|
Behavior change has lasted for 6 months; take steps to prevent relapse
|
Maintenance
|
|
Focus on narcissism, which occurs when normal dx of self is interrupted by unempathic responses by mother
|
Self Psychology (Kohut)
|
|
Type of Q designed to explore recurrent family patterns and interconnectedness between family members
|
Circular
|
|
Type of Q designed to ID family problems
|
Lineal
|
|
Type of Q designed to foster change
|
Strategic
|
|
Type of Q designed to foster reflection so new options can be ID'd
|
Reflexive
|
|
View of Sx's as result of dysfunctional communication patterns
|
Interaction Family Tx
|
|
Use of Direct (pointing out problematic interactions) and Paradoxical (prescribing the sx, reframing) Techniques
|
Interaction Family Tx
|
|
View of Th as expert/coach
|
Bowen/Extended Family Systems
|
|
Sessions are educative/cognitive, controlled; partners talk to Th, not each other
|
Bowen/Extended Family Systems
|
|
Use of questioning to diffuse emotional and help Ct's think clearly about problems
|
Bowen/Extended Family Systems
|
|
Here-and-now, directive, concrete approach
|
Structural Family Tx (Minuchin)
|
|
Focus on boundaries, power hierarchies, and subsystems within a family system
|
Structural Family Tx (Minuchin)
|
|
3 Rigid Triads
|
Structural Family Tx (Minuchin)
-Detouring -Stable Coalition -Triangulation |
|
View of dysfuntion as resulting from inflexible family structure that prevents them from adapting to stressors
|
Structural Family Tx (Minuchin)
|
|
Use of Joining (when Th. blends with family to develop position of leadership)
|
Structural Family Tx (Minuchin)
|
|
Use of family map to make structural dx
|
Structural Family Tx (Minuchin)
|
|
Enactment and Reframing are techniques used by who for what puprose?
|
-Structural Family Tx (Minuchin)
-to deliberately unbalance the family's homeostasis |
|
View of Mal Bx: communication as means of control in a relationship
|
Straegic Family Tx (Haley)
|
|
Use of paradoxical interventions (Ordeal, restraining, positioning, reraming prescribing the sx)
|
Straegic Family Tx (Haley)
|
|
Therapist has active, take charge role, with first session being most important (includes social stage, problem stage, interaction stage, and goal-setting)
|
Straegic Family Tx (Haley)
|
|
Goal of Tx: alleviate current sx's through altering family's transactions and organization (esp. hierarchies and generational boundaries)
|
Straegic Family Tx (Haley)
|
|
Focus on circular patterns of actions and reactions
|
Milan Systemic Family Tx
|
|
Goal of Tx: to help family members understand their relationships and problems in alt ways, so can see new solutions and make new choices
|
Milan Systemic Family Tx
|
|
Use of Therapeutic team, who make hypotheses in first session
|
Milan Systemic Family Tx
|
|
View of Maladaptive Bx: family's patterns become so fixed that members cannot act creatively or make new choices
|
Milan Systemic Family Tx
|
|
Empahsize neutrality- remaining ally of ALL family members
|
Milan Systemic Family Tx
|
|
Use of Paradoxical Strategies (counterparadox and positive connotation) and Circular Q's
|
Milan Systemic Family Tx
|
|
Use of interpreteting transferences, resistances, and other factors to foster insight
|
Object Relations Family Tx
|
|
Therapeutic Factors in Group Tx (Yalom)
|
interpersonal input, catharsis, self-understanding, cohesiveness
|
|
Role of Th in Group Tx (Yalom)
|
-creating/maintaining group
-culture building (act as expert and participant/model) -Activation and Illuminatino in Here and Now |
|
Prevent new incidents of disorders from occurring
(e.g., Meals on Wheels, Prenatal Nutrition) |
Primary Prevention
|
|
Early Detection / Screening
Prevent those already ID'd from getting more serious (e.g., educational programs for those with LD) |
Secondary Prevention
|
|
Prevent reoccurrence/worsening of disorders
Improving attitudes of others in community (e.g., rehab programs) |
Tertiary Prevention
|
|
Alloplastic
|
Changing/adapting to envt by effecting changes in environment
|
|
Autoplastic
|
Changing/adapting to envt by altering one's own behavior/response
|
|
Consult with individual to provide tx for a specific client
Focus on tx of Ct Consultant acts as expert, and provides as much info as possible |
Client-centered case consultation
|
|
Consult with individual to dx skills, knowledge, objectivity for a GROUP of Cts
Focus on Consultee's ability to treat |
Consultee-centered case consultation
|
|
Focus on resolving specific problems within a program
|
Program-centered administrative consultation
|
|
Focus on improving personnel's ability to maintain a successful organization so can be more effective in future
|
Consultee-centered administrative consultation
|
|
Impact of matching ethnicity between Th-Ct
|
Increases duration of tx, but no effect on outcome
Findings not consistent for hispanics/asians |
|
Tx Recommendations for AA's
|
-use multisystems or family tx
-problem-solving approach -time ltd |
|
Tx Recommendations for American Indians/Alaskan Natives
|
-combinatino of Ct-centered, collaborative, prob-solving and behavioral approaches
-Reaffirm values of their culture -Focus in building trust/credibility -Avoid highly directive approach -incorporate elders/traditional healers |
|
Tx Recommendations for Asians
|
-directive, structured, goal-oriented, problem-solving
-Focus on alleviating sx's -Ct's expect concrete advice -View Th as expert/authority figure -emphasize formalism -establish credibility early by disclosing information about educational background -somatic complaints |
|
Tx Recommendations for Hispanic/Latinos
|
-Active, directive
-Multimodlal approach that focuses on Ct's behavior, affect, cognitions, interpersonal relastinoships, biological fxining -Family Tx |
|
Multicultural Counselling Competence involves:
|
-Awareness: understanding of personal beliefs
-Knolwedge: understanding of world views of diverse Ct's -Skills: actively practicing appropriate interventions for diverse Ct's |
|
Recognition of racial/gender differences occurs by age:
|
2 years
|
|
Brown v. Board of Education based on:
|
racial segregation lead to poor self-image (based on AA's preference for Wh dolls)
|
|
Influence of examiner race on IQ testing
|
Mixed results: Wh examiners MAY have negative impact on test scores of AA's in some situations
|
|
Level of acculturation assoc'd with:
maintainig own culture but incorporating aspects of dominant culture |
Integration / Biculturalism
|
|
Level of acculturation assoc'd with:
accepting majority culture while relinquishing own culture |
Assimilation
|
|
Level of acculturation assoc'd with:
withdrawal from dominant culture and accpetance of own culture |
Separatino
|
|
Level of acculturation assoc'd with:
not identifying with either own culture OR dominant culture |
Marginalization
|
|
Atkinson, Morton, Sue:
positive attitude toards dominant culture, but rejects own culture |
Conformity Stage
|
|
Atkinson, Morton, Sue:
-confusion over conflicting attitudes about self/others -perceive problems as related to racial ID |
Dissonance
|
|
Atkinson, Morton, Sue:
-actively reject dominant culture -appreciation for own culture -view probs as related to oppression |
Resistance/Immersion
|
|
Atkinson, Morton, Sue:
-uncertain about rigid beliefs -conflicted about feelings of loyalty to own culture and autonomy |
Introspection
|
|
Atkinson, Morton, Sue:
-feelings of self-fulfillment towards racial ID -multicutural perspective -objective about beliefs |
Integrative Awareness
|
|
Atkinson, Morton, Sue
Stages of Racial/Cultural ID |
Conformity
Dissonance Resistance/Immersion Introspection Integrative Awareness |
|
Cross
Black Racial ID Dx |
Preencounter
Encounter Immersion/Emersion Intenralization/Commitment |
|
Helms
White ID Dx |
Contact
Disintegration Reintegration Pseudoindependence Immersion/Emersion Autonomy |
|
Cross / Black Racial ID Dx:
-racial ID has low salience -Whites are ideal, AA's denigrated -internalized racism |
Preencounter
|
|
Cross / Black Racial ID Dx:
-exposure to one race-related incident increases racial awareness -dx interest in AA ID |
Encounter
|
|
Cross / Black Racial ID Dx:
-struggle between old/emerging ideas about race -initially idealize AA's and denigrate Wh's -move towards internalization of new ID |
Immersion/Emersion
|
|
Cross / Black Racial ID Dx:
-adapt AA world view, where strive to eliminate racism -health cultural paranoia exhibited |
Internalization/Commitment
|
|
Helms / White ID Dx
-little awareness of racial ID -may exhibit racism |
Contact
|
|
Helms / White ID Dx
-increasing contact with minorities increases awareness of being White -confusion/ambivalence -may overidentify with AA's or retreat into Wh society |
Disintegration
|
|
Helms / White ID Dx
-Attempt to resolve conflict by accepting racist views |
Reintegration
|
|
Helms / White ID Dx
-experience personally jarring event -begin to Q racist views -recognize that Wh's have responsibilty for racism |
Pseudoindependence
|
|
Helms / White ID Dx
-explore what it means to be white |
Immersion/Emersion
|
|
Helms / White ID Dx
-internalize non-racist Wh ID -appreciation for multicultural differences |
Autonomy
|
|
Treatment for Stuttering
|
Habit Reversal: regulate breathing and awareness training
Social Support |
|
Treatment for CD
|
most effective when target preadolescents, and include family intervention
|
|
Treatment of Tourette's
|
Antipsychotics
(Halporidol, Pimozide) |
|
Treamtne of Enuresis
|
Bell and Pad + behavioral reversal/overcorrection
Imipramine (but relapse when d/c'd) |
|
Treatment of Substance Dependence
|
covert sensitization; aversion tx
social skills training coping skills Relapse Prevention Program: bx and cog techniques to deal with envts that elicit negative emotions |
|
Treatment of Classic Depression (vegetative sx's, worse sx's in am, acute onset, short duration)
|
TCA's
|
|
Treatment of Melancholic Depression
|
SSRIs (Less side effects than TCA's)
|
|
Treatment of Atypical Depression
(phobic, panic attacks, increased appetite, hypersomnia) |
MAOI's
|
|
Treatment of Dysthymic Disorder
|
Combinatino of antidepressant and IPT or CBT
|
|
Treatment of Bipolar Disorder
|
Lithium
Antiseizure meds (carbamazepine, divalproex sodium) |
|
Treatment of BPD
|
DBT
-group skills training -individual outpt -telephone consultation |
|
Treamtent of Agoraphobia/Panic Disorder
|
In vivo exposure with response prevention
Cognitive Tx, relaxation tx TCA's, SSRI's, Anxiolytics |
|
Treatment of Fear of Dark
|
Cogntiive self-control (visualization, relaxation, positive self-statements)
|
|
Treatment of Social Phobia
|
Exposure + SST
Antidepressants Propranol (to reduce somatic complaints) |
|
Treatment of OCD
|
-Exposure with response prevention + SSRI (esp. clomipramine)
-Thought stopping -NOTE: drugs alone high relapse when d/c'd |
|
Treatment of PTSD
|
CBT with exposure, cognitive restructuring, anxiety mgmt + SSRI
|
|
Treatment of GAD
|
Multicomponent CBT + SSRI or anxiolytic
Relaxation training |
|
Treatment of paraphilias
|
Covert Sensitization + satiation tx
Goal: to establish more desirable behaviors |
|
Treatment of Anorexia
|
CBT to modify cognitive errors/beliefs
|
|
Treatment of Bulimia
|
-CBT with self-monitoring, stimulus control, cog restructuring, prob solving, self-distraction
-Imipramine & Fluoxetine used for binging/purging |
|
Effects of Aging on Memory
|
-Recent LTM most affected (due to less encoding)
-Working Memory affected (due to reduced processing speed) -Episodic memory MORE affected than semantic/procedural -Remote LTM, memory span, and sneosry memory UNAFFECTED -Metamemory somewhat affected (overestimate difficulty of memory tasks, but are just as accurate at estimating their ability to recall new info) |
|
Brain structure assoc'd with:
encoding, storal, retrieval of LT memory |
Temporal Lobes
|
|
Brain structure assoc'd with:
-consolidation of LT memory -Spatial memory -explicit memory |
Hippocampus
|
|
Brain structured linked to memory loss due to normal aging and Alzheimers'
|
Hippocampus
|
|
Brain structure assoc'd with:
adding emotional significance to memories |
Amygdala
|
|
Brain structure assoc'd with:
-STM, esp working memory -episodic memory -prospective memory |
Prefrontal Cortex
|
|
Brain structure assoc'd with:
-processing infomration and transferring it to neocortex |
Thalamus
|
|
Damage to the thalamus is assoc'd with:
|
amnesia, confabulation
|
|
Brain structure assoc'd with:
-procedural memory -Implicit memory |
basal ganglia, cerebellum, motor cortex
|
|
Catelcholamines
|
Norephinephrine
Epinephrine Dopamine |
|
Dopamine is involved in:
|
regulation of movement
reinforcing action of drugs |
|
NT assoc'd with Parkinson's
|
degeneration of dopamine in substantia nigra
|
|
Excess Dopamine assoc'd with:
|
Schizophrenia
Tourette's |
|
Serotonin is involved in:
|
mood, hunger, temperature regulation, sexual activity, arousal, sleep, aggression, migraines
|
|
GABA is involved in:
|
sleeping, eating, seizures, anxiety disorders
|
|
Glutamate is involved in:
|
-Learning and memory
-seizures (when excess activity) |
|
Catelcholamines are involved in:
|
personality, mood, memory, sleep
|
|
NT associated with Huntington's Disorder
|
degeneratino of GABA-secreting cells in basal ganglia
|
|
Elevated levels of Serotonin linked to:
|
Schizophrenia
Autism |
|
Low Levels of Serotonin linked to:
|
Depression
Suicide PTSD OCD Aggression |
|
Abnormal levels of GABA linked to:
|
Huntington's
Anxiety Disorders |
|
Abnormal levels of Dopamine linked to:
|
Depression (Low)
Schizophrenia & Tourette's (High) Autism Parkinson's |
|
Basal Ganglia are involved in:
|
-planning/organization of movement
-sensorimotor learning -expression of emotion |
|
Hypothalamus is involved in:
|
-maintains homeostasis
-hunger/thirst -sex -temp -movement -emotions -mediates sleep-wake cycle |
|
Reticular Activating System
|
-regulates consciousness, arousal, and wakefulness
-screens sensory input and arouses brain when information needs to be processed |
|
Anterior Cingulate Cortex
|
-connects L-R hemispheres
-involved in emotinal reactino to pain -involved in early learning and prob solving |
|
Brain Stem consists of:
|
Medulla & Pons
Medulla- regualtes breathing, heartbeat, swallowing, coughing Pons- connects 2 halves of cerebellum; integration of L-R movement |
|
Damage to which lobe produces:
-personality changes -deficits in higher order cog fxns -reponse inhibition -loss of fine motor movement -altered sexual bx -impaired social bx |
Frontal Lobe
|
|
Damage to which lobe produces:
-imapired spatial orientation -Apraxia -Somatosensory agnosia/tactile agnosia -Gerstman's Syndrome -Contralateral neglect |
Parietal Lobe
|
|
Damage to which lobe produces:
-auditory agnosia/hallucinations -Wernicke's aphasia -disturbances in personality/affect -changes in sexual activity |
Temporal Lobe
|
|
Damage to which lobe produces:
-visual agnosia -cotical blindness -visual hallucinations -simultagnosia |
Occiptal Lobe
|
|
Lesions to which two lobes produce prosopagnosia
|
Occipital and Temporal
(parietal may also be involved) |
|
Functions of Frontal Lobe
|
-initiating
-abstract thinking -executive functions -speech/language production -emotion -memory -self-awareness -Movement |
|
Functions of Parietal Lobe
|
-integrating sensory input
-Pressure, temperature, pain, proprioception, gustation -Spatial Orientation/awareness |
|
Functions of Temporal Lobe
|
-encoding, retrieval, and storage of LT
-hearing, auditory procesing -adding affective tone to sensory input |
|
Functions of Occipital Lobe
|
-visual perception, recognition, memory
|
|
Visual Agnosia
|
inability to recognize familiar objects
|
|
Aperceptive Visual Agnosia
|
can't name object when see it, but can when placed in hand
|
|
Associative visual agnosia
|
recognize familiar objects, but can't name it
|
|
Surface Dyslexia
|
can't read owrds with irregular spelling; poor comprehension
|
|
Deep Dyslexia
|
Semantic paralexia (substitute words of similar meanings)
|
|
Pure Alexia
|
Cant read any written words
Word blindness |
|
Literal Alexia
|
can read words but not letters
|
|
Gerstman's Syndrome
|
L-R Disorientation
Acalculia Agraphia Finger agnosia Results from damage to Left Parietal Lobe |
|
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
|
emtions represent perceptions of bodily reactions
"You're afriad b/c you're heart is pumping and knees are shaking" |
|
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
|
emphasizes brain mechanisms that mediate emotions;
emotions/bodily reactions occur simultaneously |
|
Schacter-Singer 2-Factor Theory of Emotions
|
subjective experience of emotions is consequence of physiological reaction AND cognitive interpretations of arousal
|
|
Brain structure involved in translation of emotions into physical responses
|
Hypothalamus
|
|
Lesions in amygdala produce:
|
lack of response in emotinally-charged situations
|
|
Damage to hypothalamus produces:
|
rage response OR
uncontrollable laughter |
|
Causes of stroke
|
-thrombosis (blocked artery by blood clot)
-embolism (blcoked artery from other part of bloodstream) -hemorrhage |
|
Types of Generalized Seizures
|
1) Tonic-clonic (grand mal)
2) Absence (Petit Mal) |
|
Types of Partial Seizures
|
1) Simple (No loss of consciousness)
2) Compex (altered consciousness) |
|
Sx's of DT's
|
delirium, delusions, hallucinations, agitated bx, autonomic hyperactivity
|
|
Sx's of Korsakoff's Syndrome
|
severe anterograde amnesia, confabulation
|
|
Sx's of dementia due to alcoholism
|
impaired v-s skills, but intact verbal skills
|
|
Side Effects of TCAs
|
-cardiotoxic
-anticholinergic -sexual SE's -Orthostatic hypotension -confusion, drowsiness, fatigue Lethal in OD |
|
Side Effects of SSRI's
|
-orthostatic hypotension
-Sexual SE's -GI Sx's -insomnia LESS cardiotoxic, less cog impairment than TCA's |
|
Side Effects of MAOI's
|
-hypertensive crisis
-antichoinergic -agitation/confusion -weight gain -headache, dizziness |
|
Side Effects of Buproprion (Wellbutrin)
|
-may aggravate psychosis
LESS cardiotoxic, less anticholinergic NO sexual SE's |
|
Side Effects of Effexor
|
increase BP
Less OD, faster onset |
|
Side Effects of Nefazadone
|
anticoholinergic
confusion |
|
Side Effects of Trazadone
|
orthostatic hypotension
nausea sedation |
|
Side Effects of ECT
|
-patchy anterograde amnesia x 3-6 months
-retrograde amnesia for few months prior |
|
Side Effects of Lithium
|
Initial (subside within weeks): nausea, fine hand tremor, polyuria/dipsia
More dangerous: diarrhea, vomiting, sedation, slurred speech, confusion, corase tremor, loss of coordination |
|
Side Effects of Anticonvulsants
|
dizziness, ataxia, visual disturbances, anorexia, nausea, rash
--> toelrance dx's quickly Also risk for agranulocytosis and aplastic anemia |
|
Side Effects of Traditional Antipsychotics
|
-Antichoinergic
-Extrapyramidal (parkinsonism ,akathisia, tardive dyskinesia) -NMS |
|
Side Effeccts of Atypical Antipsychotics
|
-Anticholinergic
-lowered seizure threshold -sedation -agranulocytosis LESS likely to cause extrapyramidal SE's |
|
Phenothiazine
Chlorpromazine (Thorzine) Fluphenazine (Permitil, Prolixin) Thioxanthene (Narvane) Butyrophenone/Haloperidol (Haldol) |
Traditional Antipsychotics
|
|
Dibenzodiazapene (Clozapine)
benxisoxazole (Resperidone) Thienobenzodiazapene (Olanzapine) Dibenzothiazapene (Quetiapine) |
Atypical Antipsychotics
|
|
Side Effects of Barbituraes
|
-slurred speech
-nystagmus -dizziness -irritability -impaired motor/cog fxing -decreased REM sleep In OD: -ataxia -confusion -agitation -repsiratory depression -death |
|
Side Effects of Benzodiazapenes
|
-drowsiness, lethargy
-slurred speech, disorientation/confusion -Ataxia -Impaired psychomotor ability -irritability/hostility -Paradoxical Excitation -Increased app/wt gain -skin rash -blood dyscracia -impaired sexual fxning -sleep disturbance -anterograde amnesia -depression |
|
Abrupt withdrawal of BZ's
|
causes hyperexcitability, which can be accompanied by seizures, depersonalization, panic, stroke
|
|
Which anxiolytic does NOT cause sedation?
|
Buspar (Azapirone)
|
|
Opiod OD/Toxicity
|
-slow/shallow breathing
-muscle rigidity -catalepsy -clammy skin -decreased BP/pulse -convulstions -coma -death |
|
Opiod Withdrawal
|
-stomach cramps
-nausea, vomiting -weakness -fever -muscle/joint pain -sweating -insomnia |
|
Threats to Internal Validity
(Can't say if realtionship between DV and IV is real or due to other factors) |
-Maturation
-History -Testing -Instrumentation -Statistical Regression -Selection -Attrition |
|
Threats to External Validity
(Limits generalizability) |
-pretest sensitization
-Interaction between Selection/Treatment -Reactivity -Multiple Treatment Interference |
|
Pretest sensitization is controlled by:
|
Solomon Four Group Design
|
|
Multiple tx interference is controlled by:
|
Counterbalanced design (e.g., Latin Square design)
|
|
Types of Single Subject Designs
|
AB
Reversal (ABAB) Multiple baseline Changing Criterion Design |
|
Types of Within Subjects / Repeated Measures Designs
|
-Time Series
-Interrupted Time Series -Latin Squares / Counterbalanced |
|
Types of Between Groups Design
|
-Factorial
-Randomized Block -Cross Sectional -Solomon Four Group Design |
|
Which research design measures effects of DV at regular intervals (before and after tx)?
|
Time Series
|
|
Which research design measures the DV before and after tx for a single group?
|
Interrupted Time Series
|
|
Which research design applies different levels of the IV in different order to different groups?
|
Counterbalanced/ Latin Squares
|
|
Which research design looks at main and interaction effects?
|
Factorial Deisgn
|
|
Which reearch design looks at 2+ IV's?
|
Factorial Design
|
|
Which research design divides sample into homgoenous blocks and randomly assigns blocks to different levels of the IV?
|
Randomized block
|
|
Which research design assess the effects of the IV on different age groups?
|
Cross Sectional
|
|
Which research design measures effects of pretesting on the DV in a between groups design?
|
Solomon Four Group Design
|
|
Which correlation coeff do you use when:
both variables are interval/ratio |
Pearson's R
|
|
Which correlation coeff do you use when:
both variables are rank-ordered |
Spearman's Rho
|
|
Which correlation coeff do you use when:
Both variables are true dichotomy |
Phi
|
|
Which correlation coeff do you use when:
1 variable = ordinal (true dichotomy) 1 variable = Interval/Ratio |
Point Biserial
|
|
Which correlation coeff do you use when:
1 variable = Artifical Dichotomy 1 variable = Interval/Ratio |
Biserial
|
|
Which correlation coeff do you use when:
both variables are interval/ratio, and relationship is non-linear |
Eta
|
|
Which technique do you use for prediction when:
2+ continuous/discrete predictors 1 continuous criterion |
Multiple Regression
|
|
Which technique do you use for prediction when:
2+ continuous/discrete predictors 2+ continous criterion |
Canonical Correlation
|
|
Which statistic do you use to analyze frequency of S's on one nominal variable?
|
Single Sample Chi Square / Goodness of Fit
|
|
Which statistic do you use to analyze frequency data on 2+ variables?
|
Mult Sample Chi Square / Chi Square for Cotingency Tables
|
|
Inferential statistics for Ordinal Data
|
-Mann Whitney U Test
-Wilcoxam Matched pairs -Kruskal-Wallis |
|
Which stat do you use when:
compare sample mean to population mean |
t-test for single sample
|
|
Which stat do you use when:
compare mean scores of 2+ groups |
t-test for ind/correlated samples
|
|
Which stat do you use when:
compare 2+ levels of IV |
1-way ANOVA
|
|
Which stat do you use when:
compare 2+ IV's, and DV is interval/ratio |
Factorial ANOVA
|
|
Which stat do you use when:
need to remove effects of confounding variable |
ANCOVA
|
|
Which stat do you use when:
2+ DV's |
MANOVA
|
|
Which stat do you use when:
group has been blocked to control for confounding variable |
Randomized Block ANOVA
|
|
Which stat do you use when:
using within-S's design where different levels of IV are sequentially admin's |
Repeated Measures ANOVA
|
|
Which stat do you use when:
mixed design is used |
Mixed (Split Plot) ANOVA
|
|
Which stat do you use when:
want to determine of there's a linear or non-linear trend between IV and DV |
Trend Analysis
|
|
Ways to maximize Statistical Power
|
-increase alpha
-increase sample size -increase effect size -minimize error -use 1-tailed test |
|
alpha
|
probability of Type I error- reject true null
|
|
beta
|
probability of Type II error - retain false null
|
|
Why is it better to use an ANOVA over a t-test?
|
-helps control experimentwise error rate by decreasing prob of making type I error
|
|
Types of Reliability
|
Test Retest
Alternate Forms Internal Consistency Inter Rater |
|
Internal Consistency (2 types)
|
Split half
Kuder-Richardson 20 (for dichotomously scored items) |
|
Spearman Brown formula is used with:
|
Split Half Reliability, which underestimates reliability
|
|
To increae reliability:
|
-use longer test
-decrease prob of guessing -increase range of scores -increase heterogeneity of S's -increase differentiation of items |
|
Types of Validity
|
Content Validity
Construct Validity Criterion-Related Internal Validity Differential Validity |
|
ability to conclude that there is a causal relationship between IV and DV
|
Internal Validity
|
|
degree to which a test can accurately predict performance on one dimesnion to excusion of others
|
Differential Validity
|
|
test adequately samples content of behvior domain designed to measure
|
Content Validity
|
|
teast measures hypothetical trait designed to measure
|
Construct Validity
|
|
When heterotrait-monomethod is low
|
test has discriminant validity
|
|
Test estimates/predicts S's performance on external criterion
|
Criterion-related validity
|
|
Test increases correct decisions that can be expected if the predicotr is used
|
Incremental Validity
|
|
Communality is:
|
-the total amount of variability accounted for in a test by the identified factors
-the amount of variance that the test has in common with other measures in the factor analysis -amount acct'd for by multiple factors in a single variable |
|
A high score on which MMPI scale suggests:
lack of insight, denial, attempt to present self in favorable light |
L (Lie) Scale
|
|
A high score on which MMPI scale suggests:
eccentricity, random responding, respond to ALL items as T or F |
F (Frequency) Scale
|
|
A high score on which MMPI scale suggests:
desire to fake good clinical defensiveness |
K (Correction)
|
|
A high score on which MMPI scale suggests:
reading difficulties indecisiveness rebelliousness defensiveness |
Cannot Say (?) Scale
|
|
A low socre on which MMPI scale suggests:
frankness, exaggeration of negative char's, tendency to answer F |
L (Lie) Scalle
|
|
A low socre on which MMPI scale suggests:
excessive frankness, self-criticism desire to fake bad acute physiol distress |
K (Correction) Scale
|
|
Concordance Rates of IQ:
ID twins reared together |
.85
|
|
Concordance Rates of IQ:
ID twins reared apart |
.70
|
|
Concordance Rates of IQ:
bio sibs reared together |
.48
|
|
Concordance Rates of IQ:
unrelated indiv's reared together |
.30
|
|
Clinical v. Actuarial Predictions
|
Clinical: based on judgment of decision maker
Actuarial: use empirically derived data/techniques |
|
Actor-observer effect
|
Tendency to attribute own behaviors as situational
|
|
Self-Serving Bias
|
Tendency to attirbute OWN bx as situational when consequences are negative, but as dispositional when conseq's are positive
|
|
Fundamental Attribution Bias
|
Tendency to overestimate role of dispositional factors and underestimate situational factors in attributions of others
|
|
Self-Perception theory (Bem)
|
people identify their own internal states by observing external bx's of others or context
|
|
Social inhibition/faciliation
|
Presence of others:
-inhibits performance on complex/unfamiliar tasks -facilitates performance on simple/well-learned tasks |
|
Attitude change and fear
|
High levels of fear are most effective for inducing change, as long as provide information about what actions to take to minimize or avert dangerous conseq's
|
|
When does persuasion occur through Central Route?
|
when message is interesting, important, or personally relevant
AND/OR person is in neutral/slightly negative mood |
|
When does persuasion occur through Peripheral Route?
|
when message is uninteresting/irrelvant
AND/OR person is in positive mood |
|
Central Route of Persuasion depends on:
|
quality of argument
|
|
Peripheral Route of Persuasion depends on:
|
quantity of message and presence of persuasive cues
|
|
Need for personal space predicted by:
|
Male gender
small room discussiong of embarassing topic expectation of long interaction |
|
Types of Relative Rating Scales
|
-compare performance of 2+ employees
1-paired comparison 2-forced distribution |
|
Types of Absolute Measure Rating Scales
|
critical incident technique
forced choice graphic rating scale BARS |
|
ipsative measure
|
an individual's performance on a scale is scored in terms of relative status on the scales
|
|
Incremental Validity
|
ability of a test/measure to increase decision-making accuracy
|
|
Optimal selection ratio and base rate to increase incremental validity of a predictor
|
-low selection ratio (many app's for one job)
-moderate base rate (% employees performing ok without use of predictor) |
|
Differential validity
|
When a measure is valid for one group but not for another
|
|
Unfairness
|
when members of one gorup consistently score lowere on predictor than members of another group
|
|
Model of Career Development
-Focus on self concept -Career dx occurs over life span and includes multiple life spaces |
Super
|
|
Use of Life-Career Rainbow
|
Super
|
|
Model of Career Development
-Focus on 6 basic personality/work envt types (RIASEC) |
Holland
|
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Model of Career Development
-linked job choice to personality and basic needs, which are det'd by family atmosphere |
Roe
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Model of Career Development
-viewed career ID dx as aspec of ego ID dx |
Tiedman & O'Hara
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Model of Career Development
-emphasized continual learning and self dx (as opposed to matching indiv to job) -social learning theory of career dx -4 influencing factors (genetics, evnt, learning experiences, task approach skills) |
Krumboltz
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Model of Career Development
-emphasized career concept (linear, expet, spiral, transitory) |
Brousseau & Driver
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Hathorne effect
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identified importance of psychological and social factors on job productivity
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Hygiene Factors
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Context: pay, benefits, ,relat's with coworkers
-Lead to dissatisfaction if not fulfilled |
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Motivator Factors
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Content: opportunities for responsibility, advancement, recognition, achievement
-Increase satisfaction when fulfilled |
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Belief that high effort will lead to successful task performance
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Expectancy
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Belief that successful performance will lead to rewards
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Instrumentality
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Belief that rewards are desirable
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Valence
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Job productivity is increased when:
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-pay/rewards are function of actual output rather than time spent on job
-why incentive plans are used |
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Worker char's that influence job satisfaction
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disposition, age (increases as older), occupational level, race, gender, life satisfcation
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Job char's that influence job satisfcation
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nature of job, use of one's skills, pay, perception of being tx'd fairly
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Research at Ohio State Univ (1950's)
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-studied beahvior of supervisors/leaders
-id'd 2 types of leaders 1) Person-oriented- high consideration (warmth, concern, rapport) 2) Task-oriented- high initiating (defining/directing role of leader and subordinates |
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Person-orientd leaders are linked to:
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high subordinate satisfaction
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Task-oriented leadership style most effective for productivity/satisfaction when:
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tasks are ambiguous
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Contingency theory
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leadership style is result of interactino between leader's style and favorableness of situation (amt of influence a leader has)
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Low LPC leaders
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task-oriented
interested in goal achievement |
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Relationship between leadership style and favorableness
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Curvilinear
Low LPC perform best in Very Favorable or Very Unfavorable situations, High LPC best in moderate situations |
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According to Hersey & Blanchard's Situational Leadership Model, which leadership style is best for employees who are:
low in maturity (unable, unwilling, insecure) |
Telling
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According to Hersey & Blanchard's Situational Leadership Model, which leadership style is best for employees who are:
moderate maturity (unable, but willing, competent |
Selling
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According to Hersey & Blanchard's Situational Leadership Model, which leadership style is best for employees who are:
Moderately high maturity (able but unwilling/insecure) |
Participating
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According to Hersey & Blanchard's Situational Leadership Model, which leadership style is best for employees who are:
high maturity (able, willing, competent, confident) |
Delegating
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Types of Group Tasks
Additive |
add each members contributions
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Types of Group Tasks
Compensatory |
average input of group members to create single product
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Types of Group Tasks
Disjunctive |
select solution/product of best member
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Types of Group Tasks
Conjunctive |
overall performance limited by worst-performing member
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When do decentralized communication networks confuse the situation?
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When task is simple
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Which model of decision-making is known as optimal decision-making?
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Rational-economic
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Which model of decision-making is known for satisficing?
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Bounded-rationality / Administrative
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Strategies for ending conflict in an organization:
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-locating common enemy
-negotiations between subgroups -establishing superordinate goal Note: establishing rules may temporarily suppress conflict, but won't end it |
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Stages of Change in Organization
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1-Unfreezing
2-Changing 3-Refreezing |
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Which type of OD intvn is designed to humanize the work envt and emphasized employee empowerment?
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Quality of Work Life Programs
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Which type of OD intvn uses autonomous work groups who make hiring/budget decisions and rotate leaders?
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Self-Managed Work Teams
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Which type of OD intvn assists members to help themselves by improving their ability to perceive processes undermining their interactions
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Process Consultation
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Which type of OD intvn focuses on employee attitudes/perceptions and uses data collection, feedback meetings, and action plans?
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Survey Feedback
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Which type of OD intvn focuses on customer satisfaction, employee empowerment, improvment of goods/services?
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Total Quality Management
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Strategies for overcoming resistance in an organization
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Rational-empirical
Normative educative Power-coercive |
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Cumulative Prospect Theory (Kahneman and Tversky)
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-tendency to weigh lossess more than gains
-makes people unlikely to take risks |
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Yerkes-Dodson Law: highest levels of learning/performance are associated with:
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moderate arousal
moderate task difficulty |
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Compressed work week is associated with:
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+effects on supervisor ratings
job satisfaction and satis with schedule NOT related to objective measres of performance OR absenteeism |
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Flextime work schedule is associated with:
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-increased productivity, overall job satisfaaction, satis with schedule, absenteeism, less stress, decreased work-family conflict
NOT related to: self-rated performance |