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55 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Ectoderm
one of three primary germ layers. gives rise to nervous system, integument, hair, nails
Mesoderm
one of three primary germ layers. gives rise to muscles,bone, blood, mesenchyme, connective tissue.
Endoderm
the innermost of the three primitive germ layers of the embryo; from it are derived the epithelium of the pharynx, respiratory tract (except the nose), digestive tract, bladder, and urethra.
Basement membrane
thin sheet of fibers that underlies the epithelium, which lines the cavities and surfaces of organs including skin. stained structure lining epithelial layer; seen in light microscopy; fusion of two lamina
Basal Lamina
layer of extracellular matrix secreted by the epithelial cells, on which the epithelium sits. secreted by epithelial cells
Lamina Lucida
component of the basement membrane which is found between the epithelium and underlying connective tissue
Lamina densa
component of the basement membrane zone between the epidermis and dermis of the skin, and is an electron-dense zone between the lamina lucida and dermis, synthesized by the basal cells of the epidermis
Lamina reticularis
one of two lamina forming basement membrane. attached to the basal lamina with anchoring fibrils (type VII collagen fibers) and microfibrils (fibrillin).
Reticular lamina
a thin extracellular layer that sometimes lies below the basal lamina, is composed chiefly of collagenous fibers, and serves to anchor the basal lamina to underlying connective tissue
Mesothelium
membrane that forms the lining of several body cavities: the pleura (thoracic cavity), peritoneum (abdominal cavity including the mesentery) and pericardium (heart sac).
Squamous
flat, scale-like cells
Cuboidal
cells having a cube-like shape; that is, their width is approximately equal to their height. may exist in single (simple) or many (stratified (layers).
Columnar
shape of epithelial cells that are taller than they are wide.
Stratified
adjective referring to the arranging of layers
Pseudostratified
of, relating to, or being an epithelium consisting of closely packed cells which appear to be arranged in layers but all of which are in fact attached to the basement membrane
Transitional
type of tissue consisting of multiple layers of epithelial cells which can contract and expand. These cells, part of the epithelium, are found in the urinary bladder, in the ureters, and in the superior urethra and gland ducts of the prostate.
Keratinized
surfaces are protected from abrasion by keratin and kept hydrated and protected from dehydration by glycolipids produced in the stratum granulosum. e.g. skin, tongue, lips
Nonkeratinized
surfaces must be kept moist by bodily secretions to prevent them drying out and dying. e.g. cornea, oral cavity, vagina
Microvilli
microscopic cellular membrane protrusions that increase the surface area of cells. used for absorption, secretion.
Stereocilia
apical modifications of the cell, which are distinct from cilia and microvilli, but closely related to the latter. found in ductus deferens, epididymis, inner ear
Cilia
slender protuberances that project from the much larger cell body of eukaryotic cells. used for movement.
Flagella
tail-like projection that protrudes from the cell body of certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Terminal web
filamentous structure found at the apical surface of epithelial cells that possess microvilli. When contracted, causes a decrease in diameter of the apex of the cell, causing the microvilli, which are anchored into this structure, to spread apart. This spreading apart of the microvilli aids cells in absorption.
Tight junctions
the closely associated areas of two cells whose membranes join together forming a virtually impermeable barrier to fluid.
Zonula occludens
tight junctions
Intermediate junctions
a beltlike attachment, similar to a desmosome, between columnar epithelial cells; supported by cytoplasmic filaments.
Zonula adherens
intermediate junctions
Zonulae adherentes
plural of zonula adherens
Desmosome
cell structure specialized for cell-to-cell adhesion. A type of junctional complex, they are localized spot-like adhesions randomly arranged on the lateral sides of plasma membranes.
Macula adherens
another name for desmosome
Maculae adherentes
plural of macula adherens
Hemidesmosome
very small stud- or rivet-like structures on the inner basal surface of keratinocytes in the epidermis of skin. function to attach one cell to ECM.
Gap junction
specialized intercellular connection between a multitude of animal cell-types. It directly connects the cytoplasm of two cells, which allows various molecules and ions to pass freely between cells
Connexon
an assembly of six proteins called connexins that can be a part of a gap junction channel between the cytoplasm of two adjacent cells
Connexin
gap junction proteins; a family of structurally-related transmembrane proteins that assemble to form vertebrate gap junctions
Exocrine
Pertaining to the secretion of a substance out through a duct.
Endocrine
refers to the secretion of a substance (a hormone) into the bloodstream.
Paracrine
denoting a type of hormone function in which hormone synthesized in and released from endocrine cells binds to its receptor in nearby cells and affects their function.
Juxtacrine
type of intercellular communication that is transmitted via oligosaccharide, lipid, or protein components of a cell membrane, and may affect either the emitting cell or the immediately adjacent cells.
Mucous
a slippery secretion of the lining of various membranes in the body; adjective
Mucus
a viscous, slimy mixture of mucins, water, electrolytes, epithelial cells, and leukocytes that is secreted by glands lining the nasal, esophageal, and other body cavities and serves primarily to protect and lubricate surfaces. noun
Serous
Containing, secreting, or resembling serum.
Mucoserous
Containing or producing both mucus and serum
Merocrine
term used to classify exocrine glands and their secretions
Eccrine
used to designate merocrine secretions from sweat glands
Apocrine
term used to classify exocrine glands. these cells bud their secretions off through the plasma membrane producing membrane-bound vesicles in the lumen.
Holocrine
secretions are produced in the cytoplasm of the cell and released by the rupture of the plasma membrane, which destroys the cell and results in the secretion of the product into the lumen.
Simple glands
gland with a nonbranching duct.
Compound glands
gland made up of a number of smaller units whose excretory ducts combine to form ducts of progressively higher order
Goblet cells
glandular simple columnar epithelial cells whose sole function is to secrete mucin, which dissolves in water to form mucus. They use both apocrine and merocrine methods for secretion.
Parenchyma
animal tissue that constitutes the essential part of an organ as contrasted with e.g. connective tissue and blood vessels
Stroma
the connective, functionally supportive framework of a biological cell, tissue, or organ
Myoepithelial cell
cells usually found in glandular epithelium as a thin layer above the basement membrane but generally beneath the lumenal cells.
Cord
A long ropelike bodily structure, such as a nerve or tendon.
Follicle
mall spherical or vase-like group of cells containing a cavity in which some other structure grows.