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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Ectoderm
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one of three primary germ layers. gives rise to nervous system, integument, hair, nails
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Mesoderm
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one of three primary germ layers. gives rise to muscles,bone, blood, mesenchyme, connective tissue.
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Endoderm
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the innermost of the three primitive germ layers of the embryo; from it are derived the epithelium of the pharynx, respiratory tract (except the nose), digestive tract, bladder, and urethra.
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Basement membrane
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thin sheet of fibers that underlies the epithelium, which lines the cavities and surfaces of organs including skin. stained structure lining epithelial layer; seen in light microscopy; fusion of two lamina
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Basal Lamina
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layer of extracellular matrix secreted by the epithelial cells, on which the epithelium sits. secreted by epithelial cells
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Lamina Lucida
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component of the basement membrane which is found between the epithelium and underlying connective tissue
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Lamina densa
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component of the basement membrane zone between the epidermis and dermis of the skin, and is an electron-dense zone between the lamina lucida and dermis, synthesized by the basal cells of the epidermis
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Lamina reticularis
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one of two lamina forming basement membrane. attached to the basal lamina with anchoring fibrils (type VII collagen fibers) and microfibrils (fibrillin).
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Reticular lamina
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a thin extracellular layer that sometimes lies below the basal lamina, is composed chiefly of collagenous fibers, and serves to anchor the basal lamina to underlying connective tissue
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Mesothelium
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membrane that forms the lining of several body cavities: the pleura (thoracic cavity), peritoneum (abdominal cavity including the mesentery) and pericardium (heart sac).
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Squamous
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flat, scale-like cells
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Cuboidal
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cells having a cube-like shape; that is, their width is approximately equal to their height. may exist in single (simple) or many (stratified (layers).
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Columnar
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shape of epithelial cells that are taller than they are wide.
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Stratified
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adjective referring to the arranging of layers
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Pseudostratified
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of, relating to, or being an epithelium consisting of closely packed cells which appear to be arranged in layers but all of which are in fact attached to the basement membrane
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Transitional
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type of tissue consisting of multiple layers of epithelial cells which can contract and expand. These cells, part of the epithelium, are found in the urinary bladder, in the ureters, and in the superior urethra and gland ducts of the prostate.
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Keratinized
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surfaces are protected from abrasion by keratin and kept hydrated and protected from dehydration by glycolipids produced in the stratum granulosum. e.g. skin, tongue, lips
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Nonkeratinized
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surfaces must be kept moist by bodily secretions to prevent them drying out and dying. e.g. cornea, oral cavity, vagina
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Microvilli
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microscopic cellular membrane protrusions that increase the surface area of cells. used for absorption, secretion.
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Stereocilia
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apical modifications of the cell, which are distinct from cilia and microvilli, but closely related to the latter. found in ductus deferens, epididymis, inner ear
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Cilia
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slender protuberances that project from the much larger cell body of eukaryotic cells. used for movement.
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Flagella
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tail-like projection that protrudes from the cell body of certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
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Terminal web
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filamentous structure found at the apical surface of epithelial cells that possess microvilli. When contracted, causes a decrease in diameter of the apex of the cell, causing the microvilli, which are anchored into this structure, to spread apart. This spreading apart of the microvilli aids cells in absorption.
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Tight junctions
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the closely associated areas of two cells whose membranes join together forming a virtually impermeable barrier to fluid.
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Zonula occludens
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tight junctions
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Intermediate junctions
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a beltlike attachment, similar to a desmosome, between columnar epithelial cells; supported by cytoplasmic filaments.
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Zonula adherens
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intermediate junctions
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Zonulae adherentes
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plural of zonula adherens
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Desmosome
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cell structure specialized for cell-to-cell adhesion. A type of junctional complex, they are localized spot-like adhesions randomly arranged on the lateral sides of plasma membranes.
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Macula adherens
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another name for desmosome
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Maculae adherentes
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plural of macula adherens
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Hemidesmosome
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very small stud- or rivet-like structures on the inner basal surface of keratinocytes in the epidermis of skin. function to attach one cell to ECM.
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Gap junction
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specialized intercellular connection between a multitude of animal cell-types. It directly connects the cytoplasm of two cells, which allows various molecules and ions to pass freely between cells
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Connexon
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an assembly of six proteins called connexins that can be a part of a gap junction channel between the cytoplasm of two adjacent cells
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Connexin
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gap junction proteins; a family of structurally-related transmembrane proteins that assemble to form vertebrate gap junctions
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Exocrine
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Pertaining to the secretion of a substance out through a duct.
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Endocrine
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refers to the secretion of a substance (a hormone) into the bloodstream.
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Paracrine
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denoting a type of hormone function in which hormone synthesized in and released from endocrine cells binds to its receptor in nearby cells and affects their function.
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Juxtacrine
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type of intercellular communication that is transmitted via oligosaccharide, lipid, or protein components of a cell membrane, and may affect either the emitting cell or the immediately adjacent cells.
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Mucous
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a slippery secretion of the lining of various membranes in the body; adjective
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Mucus
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a viscous, slimy mixture of mucins, water, electrolytes, epithelial cells, and leukocytes that is secreted by glands lining the nasal, esophageal, and other body cavities and serves primarily to protect and lubricate surfaces. noun
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Serous
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Containing, secreting, or resembling serum.
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Mucoserous
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Containing or producing both mucus and serum
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Merocrine
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term used to classify exocrine glands and their secretions
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Eccrine
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used to designate merocrine secretions from sweat glands
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Apocrine
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term used to classify exocrine glands. these cells bud their secretions off through the plasma membrane producing membrane-bound vesicles in the lumen.
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Holocrine
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secretions are produced in the cytoplasm of the cell and released by the rupture of the plasma membrane, which destroys the cell and results in the secretion of the product into the lumen.
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Simple glands
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gland with a nonbranching duct.
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Compound glands
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gland made up of a number of smaller units whose excretory ducts combine to form ducts of progressively higher order
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Goblet cells
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glandular simple columnar epithelial cells whose sole function is to secrete mucin, which dissolves in water to form mucus. They use both apocrine and merocrine methods for secretion.
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Parenchyma
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animal tissue that constitutes the essential part of an organ as contrasted with e.g. connective tissue and blood vessels
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Stroma
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the connective, functionally supportive framework of a biological cell, tissue, or organ
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Myoepithelial cell
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cells usually found in glandular epithelium as a thin layer above the basement membrane but generally beneath the lumenal cells.
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Cord
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A long ropelike bodily structure, such as a nerve or tendon.
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Follicle
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mall spherical or vase-like group of cells containing a cavity in which some other structure grows.
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