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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Already/Not Yet |
Paul’s language has tension - already God has acted, but working for all of creation to be rectified. At second coming, fully realized. Already not yet. Still grappling with sin and death. We know it’s happening because Christ - first fruits. |
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Amanuensis (Secretary) |
Someone trained to write letters for other people. Sometimes, this person would simply take dictation; other times, the person might take the letter writer's ideas and word the letter. In letters which do not sound like Paul's writing, some scholars attribute the difference to an amanuensis, instead of a different author altogether. |
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Apocalypse |
Literally "revelation." A form of literature that includes extensive symbolism and report fantastical visions and dreams interpreted, often by angels, to the author. Most apocalypses are dualistic- seeing the universe in terms of good and evil. They are often pseudonymous and addressed to people being persecuted. |
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Baptism |
In Pauline thought, it was through baptism that a believer participated in Christ's death, and was therefore able to participate in Christ's resurrection. |
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Babylon |
Ancient Empire that conquered Judea; used in 1 Peter and in Revelation to represent Rome. |
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Balaam |
Figure in Numbers whose actions led to intermarriage with Midianites. cited in both 2 Peter and in Jude as part of a series of "woes" to those who "pervert the grace of our God into licentiousness." (Jude). Name of "teacher" in Revelation who teaches accommodation to culture in Pergamum. |
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Chloe's People |
Reference in 1 Corinthians by Paul to those who told him that there were divisions among the Corinthians - some "belong to" Apollos, others following Cephas, etc. Instead of all following one gospel. |
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Christ-hymn |
Poetic passage in Philippians 2 that describes Christ as one who was in the form of God, yet humbled himself by becoming human and dying on a cross. May have been an early Christian hymn or creed or reading that Paul is quoting. Part of Philippians' - and Paul's - emphasis on humility. |
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Covenental nomism |
Common in 1st C Judaism - a view that one’s place in God’s plan is established on basis of the covenant, that that the covenant requires, as a proper response, obedience to its commandments, while providing means of atonement for trespasses. God, by Gods grace, has chosen this people. People respond by following the law - to maintain the relationship. God has always saved the same way, by God’s grace. |
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Duetero-Pauline writings |
Ephisians, Colossians, 2 thessaloniansand the pastoral letters: 1, 2 Timothy and Titus. Letters attributed to Paul that many scholars think are pseudographical, due to their literary style, use of terms, and theology. Others argue that the theological differences are due to Paul's development, and that other differences could be due to an amanuensis. |
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Domitian |
Roman Emperor from 81-96 who demanded emperor worship. many think Revelation was written during his reign. |
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Edict of Claudius |
In 49, Claudius expelled Jews (including Christian Jews) from Rome due to "a disturbance over Chrestus" according to Suetonius. Cited to show how quickly early followers had spread, and may be a cause of a later conflict in the Roman church between gentile believers, who stayed, and jewish believers, who left and returned. |
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Ekklesia |
Greek word that means "gathering" - translated as church. |
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Emperor Cult/Imperial Cult |
Part of the religious landscape of 1st Century. While Roman emperors were not necessarily gods (as in Egypt), there were rites that citizens did to honor them, their families, and their gods. After death, emperors were often deified. Comes from Hellenistic and Egyptian roots, but "messier" in Roman empire. Idea spreads throughout empire and cities compete to be most patriotic, loyal to emporer, to get a new theater or other benefits. |
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Erastus |
Name mentioned in Romans as someone who sends greetings from Corinth, where Paul is writing. City treasurer. Shows the wide range of wealth and class that comprised the churches of Corinth. |
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Factors for Paul's writing 1 Corinthians |
- responding to a "letter A" asking him questions about eating meat, marital status in ch 7, collection, spiritual gifts in worship "now concerning" sections in 1 Corinthians - responding to oral reports (Chloe's people) about the divisions in the church, sexual immorality, taking each other to court, abuses of the Lord's supper. - iron things out before he visits |
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Factors for Paul's writing Romans |
- establish himself and show he is trustworthy, show his credentials - garner support for planned trip to Spain - address issues/questions he's heard from them regarding divisions between Jewish and Gentile Christians. (doesn't want them to be thrown out the way the Jewish Christians were in 49 by Claudius) |
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Flesh (sarx) |
For Paul the domain opposite to Spirit A power that opposes the Spirit Not literal flesh, but the place opposite Spirit where the power of Sin resides |
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Fruit of the Spirit |
- The early churches were fruits of the Spirit - the "first fruits" of God's work in the world through Christ that will expand to all creation. - In addition, fruits of the Spirit include virtues, ways of life that are what God wants for all creation - generosity, kindness, community. |
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Gaius |
Corinthian who owned a big house Paul writes Romans from his house (sends greetings from Gaius, who has a host large enough to host the whole church in Corinth, in his letter to Romans) Hosted Corinthian house church - likely a place where divisions in communion occurred (the favored, first arrival rich who don't have to work getting best seats and food) |
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Gentiles |
Non-Jews from Jewish-Christian perspective A variety of people, from all walks of life, all classes and nationalities, with a variety of religions. For Paul, there are Gentile Christian believers and "the gentiles" who practice ways that the Christians have given up Paul's ministry was primarily to the Gentiles (Peter's to the Jews - part of agreement in Acts) |
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General or "Catholic" Epistles |
James, 1 Peter, 2 Peter, 1,2,3 John, Jude Called General because they are thought to be written to the church/christians in general and not specific churches/people with specific issues Titled according to their authors (or the names traditionally identified as the authors) and not according to their recipients.l |
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Haustafeln (household codes) |
Rules relating to marriage, slave/master relationships, family responsibilities, found in Ephesians, Colossians, Timothy, Titus and 1 Peter. Not in the earlier (undisputed) Pauline letters, likely because Paul thought the second coming was imminent. Directions to churches on how to survive/abide by the culture that surrounds them. In Ephesians (esp.) and Colossians, include directions to the one in the "power-up" position; not true in Greco-Roman codes. |
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Jezebel |
Revelation |
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Judicial Model of Salvation |
The problem of sin and judgement described in legal terms. Humans have disobeyed the law, committed sinful acts, and God is the judge. Jesus has paid the penalty for human sin through his crucifixion. God has accepted this as penalty, as shown through the resurrection. People must believe in this to obtain salvation. |
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Junia |
Female name of a follower/compatriot, mentioned by Paul in Romans 16 as having been imprisoned with him and as being prominent disciples. Translations changed the name to Junias to make it male, even though there are few/no records of that name at the time Romans was written. |
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Lamb |
Revelation |
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Melchizedek |
Priest mentioned in Genesis as blessing Abraham at Salem. One mention in Psalms of the order of Melchizedek Picked up by author of Hebrews as a way to show Jesus as high priest, higher than Levite priests, because the supposed "order" existed before Aaron. Because no geneaology is mentioned, author argues that this priesthood of Jesus is eternal. Part of author steering a course between discarding Jewish faith and saying Christianity was a part of Judaism. |
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Nero |
Roman Emperor mid first century (54-68) Persecuted Christians in mid 60s in horrible ways. Church tradition holds that Paul and Peter martyred then. Said to have murdered his mother Name Nero or Neron adds up to 666 or in 616 in Hebrew letters, making some think he is referred to in Revelation |
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New Creation |
In Paul, esp in Galations, New creation is marked by life in the Spirit. Enables us to live as people of new creation. Spirit is the first fruits of the new creation The community is a glimpse of god’s new creation. |
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Nicolaitans |
Followers of Nicolas mentioned in Revelation 2 in relation to churches of Ephesus and Pergamos. Ephesus commended for "hating" their works. Pergamos, some hold to the teaching. Unkown Christian sect |
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Parousia |
Second appearance/coming of Christ Undisputed letters of Paul appear to anticipate it coming soon. Later letters include more practical advice to live, marry, have children, even as they continue to wait. Issue to 1 Thess re what about those who have died will be resurrected before the Parousia. Timeline. In 1 Thess re what must happen first. (lawlessness, judgment) In 2 Peter - with the Lord one day is like a thousand years" - delay |
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Participationist Model |
Another Pauline model for how Christ's crucifixion and resurrection solve the problem of human sin. For Paul, sin here is a cosmic power, (opposed to the Spirit), that rules and enslaves. Through Christ's death and resurrection, God defeats sin, and In baptism, humans become one with Christ, co-crucified with Christ, and await the time when sin will be completely defeated at the second coming. Christ's resurrection is the first fruits of God's defeat of sin. |
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Pastoral Epistles |
1 & 2 Timothy, Titus, written to church leaders say they are written by Paul, though may be Pseudographical, because they do not fit with Acts. Some think they fill in gaps in the record, others that they are from Paul's "second career." Address issues of false teachers, issues of offices of the church (widows, elders, slaves. |
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Paul’s collection for the Jerusalem church |
Mentioned in 1 Corinthians (shows Corinthians must have had money), and in Romans mentions a collection for the poor in Jerusalem as part of his plans and his "resume" |
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Phoebe |
Carries Paul's letter to the Romans. Paul provides her a recommendation as "deacon," then she will carry letter to various churches in Rome. |
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Pistis (faith) |
Greek word translated as faith that means more than mental assent. Means put your trust in. Paul talks about “Pistus Christu” we translate as “faith in Christ” but in Greek, most natural translation is “faithfulness of Christ.: |
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Priscilla(Prisca) and Aquilla |
Mentioned in Acts in Corinth, travel with Paul to Syria. Part of the Roman church. We see them in 1 Corinthians, having been expelled by Claudius in 49. By the time Paul writes Romans, they have returned to Rome, and he includes them in his long list of names in Roman 16 |
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Pseudepigraphon |
Falsely attributed works. Often to a revered teacher or prominent leader, either to honor them, or because the thinking in the letter follows the thoughts of the teacher and leader, and will get more attention with their name. |
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Realized Eschatology |
Idea that the blessings and benefits of the end times are already available in the present. Esp. in Colossians. Believers have already been resuced from darkness, Christ has already truimphed. Not chronological, temporal. More an eternal perspective. Colossians have been raised with Christ. |
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Social stratification of Pauline churches |
We can tell from Paul's letters that churches had people from all walks of life. He refers to collection for Jerusalem in 1 Corinthians and Galatians, meaning they had enough $. Social stratification shows in 1 Corinthians and celebration of Lord's supper, where he encourages them to be equal. Also in 1 Cor., his exhortation that women cover their heads can be interpreted as a call for equality between Roman citizens, who had the right to cover their heads, and slaves, for whom uncovered heads meant they were sexually available. |
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Shadow/Reality (according to Hebrews |
Rhetorical device relating to Plato's allegory of the cave, where a man can only see shadows manipulated by a puppeteer behind him. But if he is able to turn around, sees reality. In Hebrews, shadow language refers o tabernacle and the law. It represents, but isn't real. If you have Christ, why go back to life in the shadows.
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Spirit |
For Paul, a realm that stands in opposition to the domain of the Flesh. Life in the Spirit enables Christians to live into the new age, even as more is still to come. In Romans, this Spirit is the first fruits of the new age to come. The new creation. Life in the Spirit leads to life living in community, with virtues as in Galatians. |
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Sin in Paul’s Letters |
Sin can be transgressions in Paul, as in actions that disobey either Jewish law or the law of nature (which shows God's good intent). But it is more than that. It is also a cosmic force that makes it impossible to consistently obey the law, a force that opposes God and God's will, a force that enslaves, has dominion. and that is ultimately defeated through Christ's death and resurrection, which baptized believers participate in, leading to life in the Spirit. |
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Thanksgiving of a letter |
Part of the traditional form of an ancient letter at the beginning. A kind of "table of contents" that tells you want is to come. Left out of his letter to Galatians, as he is in a hurry to correct them. |
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Thyatira |
One of the seven churches mentioned in revelation. "tolerate" that woman Jezebel. OT name given to teacher that the author of revelation thinks is leading Christians astray. |
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Works of the Law |
Phrase used frequently in Galatians. Practices commanded by Jewish law that mark Jewish ethnic identity. Contrast between being justified through works of the law versus faith in Jesus. For Paul, law was a gift, and obedience to law was a response to God's covenant, but after Jesus, asking Gentiles to be circumcised, eg., is like going backwards. |
