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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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define sensitivity
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probability if correctly identifying a case of disease.
TRUE POSITIVE |
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what equation quantifies sensitivity?
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true positive/true positive + false negative
if the test is perfect, FN = 0 and the test will predict with 100% accuracy! SENSITIVE PEOPLE STAY TRULY POSITIVE |
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define specificity
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probability of correctly identifying a case of NONdisease
TRUE NEGATIVE |
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what equation quantifies specificity?
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true negative/ false positive + true negative
If the test is perfect, there will be no false positives, and the test will predict with 100% accuracy SPECIFIC PEOPLE ARE TRULY NEGATIVE |
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if you want to see if someone is diseased, what test do you use?
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a test with high sensitivity.
this will correctly ID someone as having the disease |
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if you want to screen someone for a disease to make sure they don't have it, which test should you use?
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a test with high specificity
this will tell you if someone does NOT have a disease |
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what is the equation for positive predictive value?
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TP/TP+FP
This is the probability that someone with a positive test is actually positive. If the false positive rate is high, then the test is not effective at predicting disease state |
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what is the equation for negative predictive value?
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TN/FN+TN
this is the probability of someone who receives a negative reading is actually disease free |
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A study on heart disease pulls participants from a local health club. What kind of bias is this?
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Selection bias
the selected group is not representitive of the population, so the results cannot be applied to the population. The opposite is true too...if you pulled people from the Rice Post for your study, it would still not be accurate and show selection bias! |
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Researchers in a study use leading questions and have no control group. What kind of bias is this?
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Measurement bias.
Info is gathered in a way that distorts the results |
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How can experimenter expectancy bias results?
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this is the pygmalion effect.
If the experimenter knows that a patient is getting a treatment, they may see improvement simply because they want to see it. Solution: a double blinded study where neither experimenter nor patient knows if they are getting the treatment. |
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Researchers claim their new test increases survival time. How can this potentially be erroneous?
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this is lead-time bias.
Patients may be screened, and therefore diagnosed, earlier. Survival time is increased due to early screening, rather than due to test superiority. Life expectancy is a better assessment of benefit |
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define recall bias
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failure to accurately recall events from the past.
Patients in a treatment may be asked how many times they had diarrhea in the past year. who knows? this is a common problem in retrospective studies |
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define late-look bias
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individuals with severe disease are unlikely to be uncovered in a survey because they die too quickly
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A study of exercise levels and heart disease is conducted, comparing two populations. One is a young generation, and the other is older. What type of bias can present here?
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confounding bias
the study sets out to look at exercise and heart disease, but the factor of aging can skew those results. solve this problem by doing a meta analysis |
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define design bias
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when parts if the study do not fit together.
like comparing the effects of diabetes meds on people who are healthy and people who are IRDM Better off doing random assignment |
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define case report
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brief, objective report of a clinical characteristic or outcome from a single clinical subject
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define case series report
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objective report of a clinical characteristic or outcome from a group of clinical subjects
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define cross sectional study
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presence of absence of disease and other variables at a particular time
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define case control study
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identifies a group with the disease and compares them to a suitable comparison group without the disease
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define cohort study
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population group exposed to a risk factor is followed over time and compared to a non-exposed group
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what analysis should you use for a cross sectional study?
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chi-square, or x^2
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what analysis should be used for cohort studies?
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Relative risk: how much more likely is this group to be diseased? rate of exposed group/rate of unexposed group
Attributable risk: incidence rate of exposed group minus incidence rate of unexposed group |
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what analysis should be used for case-control?
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Odds ratio: odds of exposure for cases/odds of exposure for controls
Diseased/not diseased disease = pts with exposure/pts without exposure |
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A child can squeal, put its hands together, and roll over. How old?
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3 months
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a child can pass a cube and feed itself. How old?
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6 months
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a child can sit up by themselves. How old?
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6 months
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A child can stand on their own and drink from a cup. How old?
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12 months
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What development milestones do you expect from a 15 month old?
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walk backward, run
say 6 words build a two cube towed use a fork and spoon |
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a child can build a four cube tower, speak two word sentences, and brush their teeth with help. How old?
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18 months
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what developmental milestones do you expect for a 2 y/o?
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jump up
speak half understandable sentences build a 6 cube tower wash and dry hands |
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what milestone should be met prior to toilet training?
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they should be able to wash and dry their own hands.
usually this is after 2y/o |
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at what age does a child begin to identify their own gender?
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between 2 and 3
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a child rides a tricycle, speaks understandable sentences, can copy a circle and dash, make cereal, and dress themselves. How old?
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3y/o
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what milestones does a 4 y/o have?
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hop on one foot
copy a cross and stick figure button clothes have an imaginary friend |
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a child can tie their shoes, copy a square and a triangle, and count to 5. how old?
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5y/o
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a child has sparse, long, and slightly pigmented pubic hair. What tanner stage?
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Tanner Stage 2
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A boy's penis has enlarged length wise but not in girth. Tanner stage?
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3
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a girls breast has developed a secondary mound above the level of breast. Tanner stage?
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4
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what Tanner stage is considered adult?
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5
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what tanner stage is adult pubic hair but in a smaller area?
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4
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describe male genital development by tanner stage
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1: prepubertal
2: scrotum and testes enlarge 3. penis lengthens 4: penis growths in breadth, glans develops, testes and scrotum enlarge and darken 5: adult |
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what are the average ages of female development?
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breasts: 11
Growth spurt: 12 Menarche: 13 |
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What are the 5 major axis of DSM IV diagnosis?
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1: clinical disorders (anxiety, anorexia, impotence)
2: Personality disorders and mental retardation 3: Physical conditions and disorders 4: Psychosocial and environmental problems (economics, housing, legal issues) 5: Global assessment of functioning (1 - 100. 100 = superior functioning, 50 = serious symptoms, 10 = persistent danger of hurting self or others) |
