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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why do females tend to have a longer life span?
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Protective effects of estrogen against many diseases
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Why wasn't physical activity considered a risk factor many years ago?
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most people didn't live long enough for it to be a factor and people tended to be more physically active then than they are now.
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True or False:
screen time has a direct correlation with obesity |
True
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What percentage of annual deaths worldwide are caused by chronic diseases?
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63%
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By 2020 what percentage of deaths will be from chronic diseases?
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75%
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How many kcal/ week are required to see a 25-33% lower death risk according to the Harvard Alumni Health Study?
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2000 kcal/week
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How many years of life did active men gain according to the Harvard Alumni Health Study?
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1-2 years
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According to the Harvard Alumni Study what risk factor had the greatest effect on all cause mortality?
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smoking
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True/ False
Mortality from heart disease has decreased in the US from 1960 to 2007 |
True
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What fraction of annual cardiac deaths are sudden?
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half
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After what age do women have a greater risk of CVD then men?
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75
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What country has the highest death rate from CVD?
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Russia
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Why are developing nations at a greater risk from CVD?
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They are currently taking on Western world habits, yet they do not have the medical technology to stop their citizens from dieting from these diseases
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What are modifiable risk factors for CVD?
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tobacco, high blood cholesterol, high blood pressure, physical inactivity, diabetes mellitus, obesity, stress, high triglycerides, alcohol abuse
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What are non-modifiable risk factors for CVD?
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age, gender, race, genetic predisposition
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What is atherosclerosis?
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the process of build-up of calcium and fats inside the inner walls of an artery, causing it to become narrowed. It is an intimal disease, because it is located on the intima
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What are two ways to look at plaque formation?
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Intravascular ultrasound (see plaque itself)
Angiogram (see area of reduced flow) |
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True/ False
Obstructions can only be fixed |
False
Obstruction can be fixed or dynamic |
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Define: bifurcation
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2 blood vessels joining to one or one splitting into 2
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What does nitric oxide do to arteries?
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Increases diameter and therefore the blood flow
Inhibits platelet formation and activation Anti-inflammatory agent |
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Define: atherogenesis
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both of plaque
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What are the 6 steps to plaque formation?
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1. endothelium injury
2. platelets adhere to collagen at injury site, activating fibrinogen 3. fibrinogen increases platelet aggregation and releases platelet derived growth factor 4. macrophages ingest debris from damaged cells and oxidized LDL to make fatty streaks/ deposits 5. smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts move and proliferate to intima to make fibrosis 6. lipid deposits accumulate to increase stenosis |
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Who are at greatest risk for plaque formation?
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men and those physically inactive
those with high cholesterol diets |
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Why is plaque rupture dangerous?
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Can block arteries further in body
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At what percentage of blockage do symptoms typically occur?
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75-80%
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At what point in life does atherosclerosis begin?
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adolescence
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How is atherosclerosis related to blood cholesterol level?
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It increases with LDL and is slowed with HDL
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Why does low-grade stenoses cause oct infarction?
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They typically don't know anything is wrong, because there are not yet symptoms and they do not go to their doctor to check it.
They are typically caused by plaque eruption |
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What percentage of first heart attacks are fatal?
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30-50%
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What are 3 characteristics of plaques prone to rupture?
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1. thin fibrous caps
2. lipid, macrophage rich 3. poor smooth muscle |
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How can physical activity help prevent plaques from rupture?
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can help strengthen the cap so is is less likely to rupture
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What are three occupational studies that show a relationship between CHD and physical activity
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1. London Bus Study
2. US postal worker study 3. Longshoremen Study |
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In the Longshoreman Study how many kcal were needed for a 50% reduction in risk of CHD?
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8500 kcal
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True/ False
CHD risk is the same no matter when you were physically active in your lifetime |
False: rates only reduced in those recently physically active
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What is the threshold for benefit from those already at risk for CVD?
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74-224 kcal/ day
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What are the problems with physical activity studies?
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cross-sectional or retrospective design
related earlier job or leisure activity to CAD confounders inability to quantify physical active of work inaccuracy of medical and autopsy records recall of habits by surviving family members |
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True/ False
physical fitness is more strongly related to lower CHD than other estimates of physical activity |
True
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Most unfit people had progressively greater risk of CAD with more ___________.
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time
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an increase in 1 MET= what percentage decrease in risk of CAD?
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12%
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Can parental history increase risk for CAD no matter physical activity?
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Yes
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Define: stroke
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a loss or impairment of bodily function resulting from injury or death of brain cells after insufficient blood supply
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stroke result from _________ which is secondary to ___________
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hypoxia, ischemia
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What are the 5 warning signs of stroke?
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1. weakness
2. trouble speaking 3. vision problems 4. headache 5. dizziness |
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Define: ischemic stroke
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interruption of blood flow to brain due to a blood clot
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What are the two types of ischemic strokes and how are they defined?
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1. thrombic: blood clot that forms in an artery directly leading to the brain
2. embolic: clot develops somewhere else in the body and travel through blood stream to the brain |
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What is another name for a "mini-stroke"
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transient ischemic attack ( TIA)
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Define: hemorrhagic stroke
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caused by uncontrolled bleeding in the brain and the bleeding interrupts normal blood flow in the brain and by flooding the brain it kills brain cells
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What are the 2 types of hemorrhagic strokes and how are they define?
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subarachnoid hemorrhage: uncontrolled bleeding on the surface of the brain which contaminates CSF with blood toxins
intracerebral hemorrhage: occurs when an artery deep within brain ruptures |
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Why does an aneurysm create a greater chance for hemorrhage?
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the walls are weaker and thinner and are therefore more prone to rupture
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How much more likely are women to have strokes then men?
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10-15%
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True/ False
Strokes are the leading cause of adult disability in US |
True
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What are the 4 different types of blood pressure related to hypertension?
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1. normal blood pressure 120/80
2. prehypertension: 120-139/80-89 3. stage 1 hypertension: 140-159/90-99 4. stage 2 hypertension: 160+/ 100+ |
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According to the Framingham study, how much greater is the risk of stroke with blood pressures of 150 vs. 120
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4 times greater
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According to the Framingham study, how much greater is the risk of stroke with smoking and high cholesterol?
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7 times greater
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What are the physiological effects of smoking?
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1. increase heart rate
2. decrease in blood oxygen carriage 3. blood clots form 4. increase in blood pressure 5. increase heart contraction force 6. increase dysrhythmias 7. increase plasma FFA and platelet adhesiveness |
