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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Epidemiology
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The study of distribution and determines of health - related states or events in specified population, and the application of this study to the control of health problems
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Incidence
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The number of specified new events. Ex. How many people today diagnosed with coronary artery disease
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Incidence Rate
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A measure of frequency with which an event, such as a new case of illness occurs in a population over a period of time. The denomination is the population at risk; the numeratior is the number of new cases occuring during a given period of time.
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Morbidity
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Any departure, subjective or objective, from a state of physiological or psychological well being
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Mortality Rate
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A measure of frequency of occurance of death in a defined population during a specified interval of time.
Ex. how many people died this week |
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Crude Mortality Rate
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The mortality rate from all cases of death for a population
Ex. all cases of mortality |
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Age adjusted mortality rate
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A mortality rate statistically modified to eliminate the effect of different age distributions in the different populations
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Age specific mortality rate
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A mortality rate limited to a particular age group. The numerator is the number of deaths in that age group; the denominator is the number of persons in that age group in the population
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Prevalance
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The number or population of cases or events or conditions in a given population
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Period prevalance
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The amount a particular disease present in a population over a period of time
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Point prevalance
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The amount of a particular disease present in a population at a single point in time
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Prevalence Rate
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The proportion of persons in a population who have a particular disease or attribute at a specified point in time or over a specified period of time.
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Risk
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The probablility that an event will occur.
Ex. that an individual will become ill or die within a stated period of time or age. |
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Absolute Risk
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The number of persons in each group exposed and unexposed who aquire the disease
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Relative Ristk or Risk Ratio
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A comparison of the risk of some health related event such as disease or death in two groups
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Risk factor
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A aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, an environmental exposure, or an inborn or inherited characteristic that is associated with an increased occurance of disease or other health related event or condition
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Secular trend
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changes over a long period of time, generally years or decades
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Control
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In a case control study, comparison group of persons without disease
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Case control study
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A type of observational analytic study enrollment into the study is based on presence "Case" or absence "Control" of disease. Characteristics such as previous exposure are then compared between cases and controls
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Cohort
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A well defined group of peoplewho have had a common experience or exposure, who are then followed up for the incidence of new diseases or events, as in a cohort or prospective study. A group of people born during a particular period or year is called birth cohort.
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Cohort study
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A type of observational analytic study. Enrollment into the study is based on exposure characteristics or membership in a group. Disease, death, or other health related outocmes are then ascertined and compared
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Epidemiological studies of heart disease: The Framingham study
-Overview |
-Began in 1948
-Longitudinal study -5209 adults and their offspring -Standard bremial cardio exam -Daily checks of hospital admissions -Death info. -Info from doctors and other sources from outside the clinic |
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Objective of the Framingham study
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-To study the conditions associated with the development of cardio diseases , to hearn the circumstances under which they arise, evolve, and end fatally in the general poplulation
-The study is designed to find out how those who develop cardio diseae differ from those who remain free or the disease over a long period of time |
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Documents of several classes of CVD risk factors - Framingham Study
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-Atherogenic personal attributes
-Living habits that promote them -Signs of compromised circulation -Susceptability to theses influences |
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Risk factors from Framingham study
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-Cholesterol
-Hypertension -Diabetes -Fibrinogen -EKG-LVH -Weight -Cigarette smoking -Lack of exercise -Type A behavior -Diet -Abdominal obesity -Alcohol consumption -Familial predisposition -Menopause -CAD -Stroke |
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Troubles with Framingham study
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-Diversity of population
-Subjects know they are being studied |
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Multiple risk factor intervention trial
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MR.Fit Study, 1975 to 1982
-22 clinical sites -18 us cities -12, 866 men (high risk without known disease) -6428 special intervention group -6438 usual care group -Both groups had annual assessments at MR. FIT centers -7 years of active intervention -diet -Antihypertensive drug therapy -Smoking cassation counceling |
