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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Epidemiology
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The study of how disease is distributed in populations and the factors that influence or determine the distribution
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Primary prevention
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protecting the non-infected
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Secondary prevention
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detecting the pre-clinical
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Tertiary prevention
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reducing the impact of clinical disease
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Endemic
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The usual (habitual) occurrence of a disease within a given area
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Sporadic
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Separate or scattered disease incidents occurring at a low frequency
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Epidemic or Outbreak
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More disease than expected for a given time and place
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Pandemic
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Epidemic affecting several continents
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Carrier
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Individual harbors the organism; can infect others; not clinically ill
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Incubationary
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Pre-clinical, many organisms being shed
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Convalescent
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An animal which continues to harbor and shed organisms for a variable period of time following recovery
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Transient
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Subclinical but may shed organisms for variable periods
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Chronic
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These animals shed organisms for long periods of time
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Reservoir
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any animal (including humans), arthropod, plant, soil, or inanimate matter in which an infectious agent normally lives and multiplies or on which it depends primarily for survival and reproduces in such a way that it can be transmitted to a susceptible host
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Nidus
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a localized reservoir that persists over a very long time period
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Vehicle
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An object, substance, or non-receptive living being serving as an intermediary in transmitting a pathogen from the organism hosting it to a receptive host
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Vector
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A living creature which, because of its ecological relationship to others, acquires a pathogen from one living host and transmits it to another
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Fomite
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An object or material that is not in itself harmful, but on which pathogens may be conveyed
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Incubation period
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The time between exposure to the pathogen and the onset of
clinical signs |
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Latent infection
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Inapparant infection that has the potential to develop signs of disease. The triggering mechanism may be an altered host response
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Source of infection
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The animal, person, or object from which an infectious agent passes immediately to the host (not necessarily synonymous with reservoir)
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Infectivity
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Ability of the agent to lodge and multiply within the host. Minimum number of infectious particles required to establish an infection
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Infectiousness
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The ease with which the agent is transmitted from one host to
another |
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Pathogenicity
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The ability to produce disease
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Virulence
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The degree of pathogenicity. The disease evoking power of a
microorganism in a given host |
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Host range
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The range of hosts in which an agent can survive
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Viability
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Ability of an infectious agent to survive in the free state (environment)
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Disease
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An abnormality of structure and/or function that interferes with the well-being of the individual animal. Also any condition resulting in suboptimal production, growth or efficiency
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Clinical disease
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Outward manifestation of disease (signs or symptoms)
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Pre-clinical disease
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Not yet clinically apparent, but destined to be
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Subclinical disease
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Not clinical and not destined to be
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Herd immunity
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Resistance of an “at risk” population to an attack by a disease to which a large proportion of the members of the group are immune
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Index case
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The first recognized case of a disease in an outbreak
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Retrospective cohort
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Determine exposures among each individual in the entire population at risk. Then determine whether or not disease occurred in each individual
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Case-control
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Identify a group of individuals from the population at risk with the disease and find out about their exposures. Then find a similar group of individuals from the same population at risk without the disease and find out about their exposures
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