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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. When is risk best measured?
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a. When the exposure data was collected prior to the outcomes taking place
b. Cohort studies |
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2. What is a cross-sectional study?
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a. Also known as prevalence studies
b. Single period of observation c. Exposure and disease histories are collected simultaneously |
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3. What are administrative databases?
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a. Administrative databases are data that were collected for other purposes
b. Relying on them solely as the source of data can lead to unreliable results |
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4. What are population-based controls?
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a. Best for identifying a control group that is representative of the exposure rate in the general or target population
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5. What are hospital-based controls?
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a. Ensures controls are similar to cases in terms of being able to access hospital care and having some physical assessment
b. More diagnostic certainty that patient self-reports c. Challenge can be to decide which dx are appropriate for control group |
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6. What are neighborhood controls?
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a. Ensure cases and controls have some of the similarities that exist in SES, educational institutions, and environmental exposures that occur in neighborhoods
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7. What is overmatching?
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a. Matching controls on an apparent confounder that is actually a result of the exposures
b. May lead to selection bias |
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8. How should you report matched data?
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a. Be very specific about what variable you use to match
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9. What is bias/systematic error?
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a. Deviation of results or inferences from the truth, or processes leading to such deviations
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10. What is selection bias?
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a. Distortions that result form procedures used to select subjects and form factors that influence participation in the study
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11. What are some techniques to reduce selection bias?
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a. Develop an explicit case definition
b. Enroll all cases in a defined time and region c. Strive for high participation rates d. Take precautions to ensure representativeness |
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12. What is information bias?
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a. Can be introduced as a result of measurement error in assessment of both exposure and disease
b. Recall bias c. Interview/abstractor bias |
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13. How can you reduce information bias?
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a. Use memory aids
b. Blind interviewers as to subjects’ study status c. Provide standardized training sessions and protocols d. Use standardized data collection forms e. Blind participants as to study goals and classification status f. Try to ensure that questions are clearly understood through careful wording and pretesting |
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14. What is confounding bias?
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a. Distortion of the estimate of the effect of an exposure of interest because it is mixed with the effect of an extraneous factor
b. Occurs when the crude and adjusted measures of effect are not equal |
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15. What are the criteria to be a confounder?
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a. Be a risk factor for the disease
b. Be associated with the exposure c. Not be an intermediate step in the causal path between exposure and disease |
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16. How can you control confounders?
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a. Randomization
b. Restriction c. Matching d. Stratification e. Multivariate techniques |
