Epidemiology Ch. 8

Front 1

Any factor or influence upon the research activity.

Back 1

variable

Front 2

___ epidemiology is where the researcher is not allowed to try and control for variables.

Back 2

observational

Front 3

___ epidemiology is the most common and traditional type of research found in epidemiology.

Back 3

observational

Front 4

Any factor or attribute influencing research variables prior to the activity occurring.

Back 4

antecedent

Front 5

A study that falls short in meeting the strict letter-of-the-law of the design, but includes the basic foundations of good research design.

Back 5

quasi

Front 6

___ trials use nonrandom data.

Back 6

community

Front 7

___ trials us random data.

Back 7

clinical

Front 8

___ trials and ___ trials are the 2 most used design approaches using experimental design approach in epidemiology.

Back 8

community; clinical

Front 9

___ studies are not true epidemiological studies.

Back 9

experimental

Front 10

The factors or conditions that occur and exist in both treatment and control groups that cause no change in the experimental group.

Back 10

dependent variable

Front 11

The treatment or the change agent is the ___ variable.

Back 11

independent

Front 12

The factor that caused the change is referred to as the ___ variable.

Back 12

independent

Front 13

In ___ research, a cause-effect relationship is easily observed.

Back 13

experimental

Front 14

___ is the effectivness of treatment in the subjects and degree of change due to the action of the independent variable.

Back 14

level of confidence

Front 15

A study where the data is not manipulated, but the data's effect is measured after is has occurred.

Back 15

ex post facto

Front 16

___ studies are done ex post facto.

Back 16

retrospective

Front 17

___ studies are retrospective studies.

Back 17

case control

Front 18

To establish a restrospective study, clear guidelines concerning the ___, ___, and ___ must be set so that precise criteria about the cases can be established.

Back 18

severity; extent; stages of the disease

Front 19

In ___ studies, incidence is preferred over prevalence.

Back 19

prospective

Front 20

___ is the only determining factor that determines which group each subject is assigned to.

Back 20

randomization

Front 21

Subjecs are assigned at random to different treatment groups.

Back 21

multiple treatment groups

Front 22

___ are fake treatments.

Back 22

placebos

Front 23

___ studies reduces bias and confounding variables.

Back 23

blind

Front 24

If the subjects have already been exposed.

Back 24

nonrandomized

Front 25

A ___ approach will allow the treatment group to serve as its own controls.

Back 25

pre-test/post-test

Front 26

Variables or factors known to be related to, associated with, or which can influence the state of the subjects being studied.

Back 26

confounding variables

Front 27

The process of selecting controls so that they have similar effects or characteristics as the cases.

Back 27

matching

Front 28

___ is used to remove the effect of confounding variables.

Back 28

stratification

Front 29

The changes and variation in the disease or health status of a study population as the study groups move through time.

Back 29

cohort effect

Front 30

A study in which each individual in a group or research sample that is representative of the study population is represented for one point in time and the findings represent that particular time.

Back 30

cross-sectional study

Front 31

___ studies are limited to what data have been gathered at one point in time.

Back 31

cross-sectional

Front 32

Surveys are an example of a ___ study.

Back 32

cross-sectional

Front 33

___ studies are more effective in chronic diseases and less effective in communicabl diseases with short incubation periods and short durations.

Back 33

cross-sectional

Front 34

The selection of individuals who will participate as subjects from the research population.

Back 34

random selection

Front 35

The assignment of subjects to groups so that each person has an equal chance of being selected to be in the study group.

Back 35

random assignment

Front 36

Cutting up lists and drawing names is an example of a ___.

Back 36

random sample

Front 37

___ sample includes recipients of a service, those involved in a clinic or available at a worksite.

Back 37

convenience

Front 38

Only those who are identifiable or are at hand are included in a study and excluded in a study are those not easily identifiable nor easy to access.

Back 38

visibility bias

Front 39

When samples in a study are chosen by alphabetical order, numerical order, street address, or other sequential ordering.

Back 39

order bias

Front 40

___ bias occurs most often when field workers are allowed to pick the sample.

Back 40

accessibility

Front 41

What happens when subjects are set too closely together, and may interact and share information.

Back 41

cluster bias

Front 42

The way that cohort data is arranged and tabulated, assessed as cohorts pass through time, age and live life.

Back 42

cohort analysis

Front 43

The changes and variation in the disease or health status of a study population as the study groups move through time.

Back 43

cohort/generation effect

Front 44

A group of persons being studied who were born in the same year or time period.

Back 44

cohort

Front 45

Charts which summarize the patterns of survival and death in study groups of certain types of disease such as chronic diseases.

Back 45

life tables

Front 46

For chronic diseases, cohort ___ are used to estimate the probability of surviving or dying within a specified time period after diagnosis.

Back 46

life tables