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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What makes a study analytical? |
Comparison between two or more groups makes it analytical
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what is the epidemologic triad of a disease consist of?
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Host, vector, agent and environment
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What type of epidemiology is being descriped, characterized by person, place, time; no interventions provided, assessment of potential causes, establish a working case efinition, hypothesis suggested and public health intervention suggested?
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Descriptive epidemiology
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In order to be causal what are the two components which need to be present?
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Necessary and sufficient
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What is the essential link between clinical medicine and public health?
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Case reports
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Define: A particular group of individuals that share a common characteristic.
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Cohort
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Groups to be studied in a cohort study are defined on what basis?
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On the basis of their exposure status (exposed, vs not exposed)
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Define: Tells us how fast the disease is occurring in a population.
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Disease rate
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Define: Allos us to compare one population to another
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Disease ratio
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Define: Tells us what fraction of the population is affected?
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Disease proportion
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What are the two components of a rate?
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Numerator and denominator and a specified time
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Give an example of a disease rate.
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Over a 15 year period the rate of new onset diabetes was 2.8 per 1000 for women 18-30.
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Give an example of a ratio.
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5 females to 2 males
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What is the difference between case reports and case series?
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Case reports are usually only one or a few patients while case series are usually 10 or more patients
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Give a proportion
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Always ranges between 0 and 1 such as 5/7ths. Or 70 percent.
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Define: Number of NEW cases of disease that occur during a specified period of TIME In a POPULATION AT RISK.
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Incidence
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Define: Incidence when all individuals are at risk for the ENTIRE period of time studied.
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Cumulative incidence
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Define: Different individuals observed for different lenghts of time (expressed often as person-years)
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Incidence rate/Density
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What's wrong with this question: What was the incidence of new cases of uterine cancer in the US population in 2004
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Not everyone is female and/or has uteri.
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What are the two advantages for case reports/series?
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Contain great detail, the way to report a new observation
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What are the three disadvantages for case reports/series?
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Usually small, highly selected patient group, no comparison gropu, not hypotheses based
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Define: Compares disease rates between populations, exposure is only known for groups, not individuals in the groups. |
Population/Ecologic/Correlational studies
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What type of studies make comparisons between large groups that otherwise would be impossible?
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Ecologic studies
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Define: descriptive epidemiology with a specific purpose.
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Outbreak investigations
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What are the three primary goals of descriptive epidemiology?
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1. Describe and evaluate trned in health outcomes or behaviors 2 provide data for planning needs 3. suggest future research
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What are the six approximate steps of an outbreak investigation?
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1. Define investigation purpose, 2. Establish outbreak's existence 3. Develop case definition 4. Diagnosis confirmation 5. Describe by person, place, time 6. implement control and prevention efforts
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What does incidence reveal?
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Incidence reveals the ABSOLUTE RISK OF THE DISEASE
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Define: Death rate from a specific disease among individuals with the disease during a specified period of time.
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Case-fatality rate (CFR)
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Define: Incidence of disease among a population at risk observed for a limited period or time often due to a very specific expossure. Used in the investigation of acute epidemics.
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Attack rate (AR)
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Define: Number of live briths in a population over a given period, usually a year
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Birth rate
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Define: Live births in a population with the denominator restricted to the number of women of childbearing age (E.g. women 15-44 years old) over a given period
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General fertility rate
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75 people attended a picnic, and 56 subsequelny developd gastroenteritis what is the attack rate?
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56/75
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What is crude mortality rate
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Number of deaths from all causes in a population over a specified period of time/number of persons at risk of dying during the period
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What is cause specific mortality rate
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Numbe rof deaths from a specific cause in a a population for a specified period/number of persons at risk of dying of that specific cause during the period
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Define: Proportion of cases of a specified condition which are fatal within a specified time period.
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Case-fatality rate (CFR)
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In a country wih a population of six million pepole, there were 60K deaths during the year 1997 these included 30K deaths occuring in 100 K people who were sick with cholera. What is the Crude mortality rate?
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60K/6000k is 1000 per 100,000 person
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In a country wih a population of six million pepole, there were 60K deaths during the year 1997 these included 30K deaths occuring in 100 K people who were sick with cholera. What is the cause specific mortality rate?
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30K/6000K is 500 per 100,000 person
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In a country wih a population of six million pepole, there were 60K deaths during the year 1997 these included 30K deaths occuring in 100 K people who were sick with cholera. What is the case fatality rate?
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30K/100K is 300/1000
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What type of study would you use when exposure is rare, when the disease is frequent among exposesd and when loss to follow up can be minimized. Also when you need to know the incidence of th edisease and when evidence suggests and association between the exposure and outcomes and you can't decide exposure.
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Cohort study
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What is the difference between prospective cohort and retrospective cohort?
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The outcome has not occurred in the prospective study, while the outcome has already occurred in a retrospective cohort study
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What is one distinct advantage of cohort studies?
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Can evaluate multiple outcomes
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What is one distinct disadvantage of cohort studies?
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Requires large amounts of people (logistically difficult and expensive!)
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Define: The ratio of the risks or rates of disease in exposed and unexposed groups.
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Relative Risk
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What does relative risk compare?
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Exposed vs unexposed incident rates of disease
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If 0<RR<1 what does this mean?
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Risk for exposed gropus is lesss that risk for unexposed (protective effect)
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RR = 0 what does this mean?
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Risk for exposed and unexposed groups is equal
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RR > 1what does this mean?
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Risk for exposed group is greater than risk for unexposed
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If you see per thousand or per person years, what is probably what type of statistic?
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Incidence density
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Define: Difference between the risk of disease in exposed and unexposed group
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Attributable risk
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Define: What is a measure of the incidence of disease in a population that is attributable to the exposure.
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Population attributable risk
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What is the main difference between an experiemtnal and an observational study?
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The researcher controls or assigns the exposure
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The study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events in specified human populations and its application to the control of health problems
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Epidemology
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Define: The science of collecting, summarizing, presenting and interpreting biological or health data in order to estimate the magnitude of these associations and test these hypotheses.
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Biostatistics
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Define: The integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values.
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Evidence based medicine
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Classical epidemiology
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Define: a decreased risk of adverse event with a treatment or exposure
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Absolute risk reduction
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Define: An increased risk of adverse event with a treatment or exposure
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Absolute risk increase
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Define: Number of patients you need to treat in order to prevent one additional bad outcome.
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Number needed to treat (NNT)
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Define: Number of patients you need to treat in order ot harm one more patient with th experimental therapy.
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Number needed to harm (NNH)
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How do you calculate absolute risk reduction?
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Untreated-treated
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How do you calculate number needed to treat from absolute risk reduction?
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1/ARR
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How do you calculate number needed to harm from absolute risk increase?
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1/ARI
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Define: 1- Relative risk
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Relative risk reduction
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What forms the basis for exposure in a cohort study? |
Exposure
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