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121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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primary prevention
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prevention of disease from occuring
eg. testing and quarantine programs at borders, vaccination |
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secondary prevention
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prevention of progression of early stage disease
eg. intervention and therapy eradication- primary at its best |
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tertiary prevention
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prevention of disability from advanced disease and the rehabilitation of the individual to functional capacity
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slaughter
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deliberate killing of infected, potentially infected, or contact animals
selective- positives only complete- all animals in affected herd (foreign animal diseases usually) |
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quarantine
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enforced physical seperation of infected or potentially infected individuals, eliminating potential transmission and provide time for detection
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reduction of contact
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prevention of contact b/w known or potentially infected animals and susceptible animals
eg. all in/all out etc. |
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chemical use
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disinfection, prophylaxis, pesticides
reduce the agent in the environment or in the host or to reduce transmission through vector control |
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modification of host resistance
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increased host resistance through immunization or genetic improvement
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environmental, biological, and management control
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alteration of the environment or management practices to control or eliminate disease
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Principles of Biosecurity based on:
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lab practice and technique
safety equipment facility design |
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eradication of pseudorabies (aujeszky's disease) in the US
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combined efforts of federal, state and industry
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Pseudorabies eradication state-federal industry program standards
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part 1- definitions
part 2- administrative procedures part 3- program stages and requirements part 4- participation in herd plans and release of quarantines |
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5 step program to rid herd of pseudorabies
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-enhance the immunity of the herd- vaccination
-plan a segreation system (biosecurity) -reduce stress (overstocking) -monitor the herd (serology) -rotate the old breeding stock |
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Spanish Influenza
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1918 v/d dizziness, nosebleeds, chills, fever, labored breathing
millions of people died worldwide Orthomyxovirus, HA or NA mutate by genetic drift and shift- variation b/w years |
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host range of influenza
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wild birds, poultry, swine, humans, horses, sea mammals
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increasing odds for another influenza pandemic
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increase pop. density, mobility, domestic animal density, direct and indirect contact
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plague
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Yersinia pestis
bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic forms change in the agent, rat pop. and sanitation made it go away last case in LA 1924 associated with prarie dogs and cats transmitted by fleas |
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origin of AIDS
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1)tainted polio vaccine (orginate from green monkey cell lines)
2)contaminated needles 3)cut hunter (primates as bush meat) 4)heart of darkness (colonial processes, more reliance on bushmeat and poor living cond'n) |
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dermomycosis
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microsporum canis, trichophyton mentagrophyles
contact transmission from cats and dogs, lab animals, horse, cattle |
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anthrax
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Bacillus anthracis
direct contact, undercooked meat, inhalation of spores cutaneous, pulmonary, and intestinal forms |
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Brucellosis
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Brucella abortus, suis, melitensis, and canis
B. abortus vaccine pathogenic to humans wildlife infected with abortus- elk and bison at yellowstone suis- feral swine and reindeer |
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Cat Scratch Fever
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Bartonella henselae
domestic cat reservoir |
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Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
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contract from fish, swine/pork, and poultry
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mycobacteriosis
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M. tuberculosis, bovis, avium, and leprae
M. leprae in armadillos Humans reservoir for M. tuberculosis but can be spread to other animals (elephants) cattle and WTD, nadgers, opposums- bovis |
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Psittacosis
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Chlamydophila psittaci
birds are the reservoir (pets) |
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Rat-Bite Fever
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Haverhill disease
Streptobacillus moniliformis, Spirillium minus rate bites, rats are the reservoir |
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Tularemia
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Francisella tularensis
Lagomorphs- Type A and Rodents- Type B vector-tick rabbits, rodents and other wildlife are reservoirs sheep can be infected direct contact or aerosol- not person to person Martha's vineyard- lawnmowers praire dogs |
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Endemic Relapsing Fever
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Borrelia hermsii or turicatae
vector- soft ticks |
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Leptospirosis
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Leptospira interogans
transmitted by infected urine virtually domestic and wild animals infected |
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Lyme
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Borrelia burgdorferi
transmitted by Ixodes scapularis and I. pacificus (human infection) rodents are the reservoir |
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Ehrlichiosis
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E. chaffeensis- vectored by A. americana, reservior is WTD
HGA- vectored by Ixodes spp. E. ewingi- vectored by A. americana, reservior in dogs |
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Murine typhus
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Rickettsia typii
wound contamination by rat feces norway and roof rats reservior |
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Q fever
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Coxiella burnetii
inhalation ruminants are primary reservior agent spred in placenta and milk ticks may be important in wildlife |
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RMSF
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Rickettsia rickettsia
transmitted by ticks (dermacentor) ticks reservior and vector |
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Arenavirus infection
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Bolivia and Argentinian hemorrhagic fevers
rodent reservoir |
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California encephalitis group of Bunyaviruses: California encephalits, Jamestown Canyon, LaCrosse virus
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mosquito vectors and wildlife amplifying hosts and reservoirs
transmitted by Aedes spp. chipmunks and small rodents involved deer-amplifying host for Jamestown rodents for California |
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Colorado tick fever
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Orbivirus, Reovirus
vectored by Dermacentor andersoni most cases in wyoming and colorado |
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Contagious ecthyma
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Orf
Parapoxvirus, poxviridae direct contact with cattle, sheep and deer |
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Eastern/Western equine encephalitis
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mosquito vectors, Culex and Aedes spp. plus others
maintained in a wild bird/mosquito cycle with spillover into horses and humans |
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Hantavirus
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Seoul, Hantaan, and Puumala viruses associated with renal
pulmonary syndrome with Sin nombre rodent reservoir with specific host/virus relationships, contact and fecal transmission |
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Herpesvirus B
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nonhuman primates, direct contact
Asian monkeys (Macaca) aerosol, bites, broken skin |
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Influenza
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reservoir- wild birds
swine- IH between birds and humans domestic poultry also and IH |
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rabies
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Lyssavirus, Rhabdoviridae
Not in australia US- BATS and raccoons, foxes Europe and Asia- dogs |
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Rift Valley Fever
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Phlebovirus, Bunyaviridae
mosquito born, Culicoides and Simulium spp. domestic sheep and cattle play a role in maintaining and amplifying dogs, cats and humans |
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Saint Louis encephalitis
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Flavivirus
transmitted by mosquitos maintained in a Culex/wild bird cycle |
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Venezuelan Equine encephalitis
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Alphavirus, Togavirus
transmitted by mosquitos (Culex, Aedes, Mansonia etc) in a mosquito/rodent cycle horses- amplifying host |
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Yellow Fever
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Flavivirus
urban and sylvatic cycle with nonhuman primates in sylvatic new world monkeys dvlp disease mosquito transmitted by Aedes |
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Hendra and Nipah virus
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Paramyxovirus
flying foxes are the reservoir for both hendra in horses and humans in australia nipah in pigs and humans in malaysia |
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Monkey pox
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Orthopoxvirus
rodents are the reservoir introduced by import of African rodents (praire dogs) |
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Anisakiasis
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larval nematodes
consumption of uncooked fish marine fish are IH and marine mammals are DH |
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Cutaneous Larval Migrans
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hookworms from dogs and cats- Ancylostoma
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Visceral and Ocular Migrans
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intestinal nematodes
dogs, cats, raccoons, and skunks Toxocara and Baylisascaris procyonis and columnaris |
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Trichinosis
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Trichinella, consumption of raw or undercooked meat (pigs, horses, bears, and marine mammals)
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Echinococcosis
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larval cestodes of E. granulosus
DH include dog, coyotes, foxes and wild canids IH are ungulates and rodents |
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Taeniasis
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adult cestodes of T. saginatum (beef) and T. solium (pork)
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Cystercosis
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larval stages of Taenia solium
ingestion of human feces |
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Cercarial dermatitis
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Swimmer's itch
larval stages of non-human mammalian and avian trematodes IH-aquatic snails |
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Babesiosis
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blood-borne protozoan
Babesia microti tick vectors- Ixodes scapularis reservoirs- wild rodents, deer and bighorn sheep |
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Cryptosporidium
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intestinal coccidium
fecal oral transmission from infected humans or animals |
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Giardia
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intestinal flagellate
dogs, cats, rodents, beavers |
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Leishmaniasis
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vector borne by sand flies
humans, dogs, wild rodents respresent reservoir hosts |
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toxoplasmosis
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tissue dwelling coccidian
T. gondii ingestion of oocyst shed by cats or ingestion of bradyzoites in undercooked meats |
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American Trypanosomiasis
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blood-borne flagellate
T. cruzi parasite deposited in feces of "Assassin Bugs" (Reduviidae) reservoirs can be dog, cat, armadillos, oppossums, rabbits, rodents |
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Organisms that led to the pasteurization of milk
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Mycobacterium bovis
Brucella abortus |
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Foodborne outbreak case definition (CDC)
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2 or more persons experience a similar illness after ingestion of a common food
and Epidemiologic analysis implicates the food as source of illness |
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exceptions to foodboren outbreak case definition
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botulism only has to have one person
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Quality assurance (QA)
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assurance statement that the objectives and goals as to product quality are in order and that a qualtiy control program to meet these objectives and goals is in place
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Quality control (QC)
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set of production methods and policies to provide a quality product
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Primary contamination
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food animal source, infected animals or fecal contamination from infected animals
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secondary contamination
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environmental source
infected humans, other animals, fomites |
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Chemical adulterants
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food additives or animal food supplement
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foodborne intoxication
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pathogenic changes associated with the consumption of preformed toxins
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foodborne infection
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pathogenic changes associated with the replication of the agent
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Staphylococcus toxin
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ubiquitous source, wounds on food handlers common
meat, dairy, salads |
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Botulism
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Clostridium botulinum
ubiquitous in soil, coastal waters and intestines of animals and fish, wounds, shellfish canned foods, honey in infants |
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Clostridium perfringens
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spores can survive cooking
ubiquitous source meats and meat products |
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Salmonellae
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S. dublin (cattle) S. arizona (turkeys) S. choleraesuis (pigs)
S. pullorum (poultry) S. abortus ovis (sheep) Widespread occurance in animals most infections subclinical raw products, meat often reptiles a reservoir S. typhi- ALWAYS associated with human rather than animal source |
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Paratyphoid and typhoid
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non-zoonotic
maintained in carrier humans |
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Campylobacter jejuni
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most common in the US
most will self cure contaminated milk or water poultry also a source |
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Shigella
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very low infective dose
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E. coli
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enterohemorrhagic strains
most infections from undercooked beef also fruit juice and milk direct human to human |
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Listeria monocytogenes
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pregnant women and newborns at risk
weak immune systems- AIDS, cancer, etc. contaminated vegetables, meat and dairy **growth at refrigerator temp** |
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Yersinia entercolitica
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mimics appendicitis, misdiagnosed as Crohn's dz
animal sources, pigs, birds,cats, dogs **grows at refrigerator temp** |
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other bacterial sources of foodborne illness that have domestic animal origin
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Brucella
Mycobacgterium |
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Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
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prion
was problem in IK CJD CWD |
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fungi associated with foodborne illness
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ergotism
mushroom poisoning aflatoxin ochratoxin |
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Parasites associated with foodborne illness
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Trichinosis
Toxoplasmosis Cryptosporidiosis |
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Most common and infectious food borne virus
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Norwalk virus (Norovirus)
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Food-borne pathogen that is most often associated with seafood
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Vibrio parahaemolyticus
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critical temp range outside of which most food-borne pathogens cannot grow
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4.4C to 60C
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water activity
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amount of water available to the microorganism, no multiplication below 0.6
affect the ability of heat to kill a bacterium |
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preventing chemical alteration
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adulterated food
violative concentration residues additives feed additives |
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Four methods of stunning allowed under federal law
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captive cobalt guns
rifle with live ammo- .22 electric stunning CO2 |
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humane slaughter regulations
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dont make animals move faster than walking speed
limit area so that blow delivered properly free of pain producing parts, no slippery surfaces, stunning complete before shackling, bleeding and hoisting |
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antimicrobial resistance
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use of agents for any infection, real or feared, in any dose and over any tiume, forces microbes and parasites to adapt or die
CDC, FDA, WHO, USDA |
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International Office of Epizootics (OIE)
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makes the disease code list
attempts to standardize diagnostics |
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List A
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Communicable disease that have the potential for very serious and rapid spread.
of major importance in international trade |
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List B
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Communicable disease that are considered to be of socioeconomic or public health sig. within countries and are sig. in international trade of livestock and livestock products
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List C
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Communicable disease that are important economic influence at the individual production level
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Animal Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)
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prevents the entrance of FAD into the United States
Regulation |
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African Swine Fever
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Asfivirus
natural reservoir- warthog and soft ticks, forest hog, bush pigs |
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hog cholera
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Pestivirus
eradicated in US wild pigs may not be a reservoir pig only known host |
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Food and Mouth Disease
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Aphtovirus, Piconiviridaem
**most acute and communicable disease of cloven foot animals BTD in California |
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Rinderpeste
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associated with movement of cattle
Morbillivirus cattle, buffaloes, deer, camels, sheep and goats, occassionally swine |
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Heartwater
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Ehrlichia rumantium
tick transmitted by the bont tick A. variegatum on Caribbean islands domestic ungulates and antelope, WTD |
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African horse sickness
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Orbivirus
vector borne- culicoides reservoir- zebras affects domestic equines |
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Fowl Plague (highly virulent avian influenza)
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wild birds are the natural reservoir
public health concerns from birds to people |
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Velogenic Viscerotrophic Newcastle Disease
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Rubulavirus
high mortality imported psittacines common in wild birds virulent forms in pigeons and double breasted cormorants |
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Biological warfare agents
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Bacillus anthracis
Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) Yersinia pestis Salmonella typhimurium Vibrio cholerae Botulinum Smallpox Ebola virus Avian influenza viruses West Nile Clostridium |
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Mycobacterium bovis
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WTD in Michigan
spillover in wild carnivores and cattle |
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Mycoplasma galisepticum
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house finches
previously only in domestic poultry conjunctivitis and death spilling over in wild passerine species including gold finches, purple finches, and grosbeak |
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What types of changes can cause disease problems?
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new vectors
new pathogens new or modified host populations new habitats for pathogen-host interations |
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introduction of new pathogens
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translocation of animals
domestic animals/wildlife interactions human/wildlife interaction movement of vectors |
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Disease of lemurs on St. Catherines
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Trypanosoma cruzi
Anaplasma phagocytophilum E. chaffeenis |
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Clinical signs of tularemia in rabbits
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white necrotic foci on liver and spleen
necrosis and abscessation of lymph nodes localized cutaneous and subcutaneous inflammation |
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Types of Tularemia disease in humans
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ulceroglandular
typhoidal pneumonic conjunctival oropharyngeal/GI meningitis |
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examples of translocating animals
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raccoons- rabies in NE
foxes- tapeworms, distemper prarie dogs- plague deer- meningeal worms, Wassaw bullfrog- Chytridiomycosis and amphibian declines, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) |
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domestic animal/wildlife interactions
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mycobacterium bovis from cattle to wildlife
canine distemper rabies toxoplasmosis CWD in elk and deer |
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new vectors introduced
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exotic ticks on tortoises
avian malaria in hawaii WNV and Culex |
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change in population distribution
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pseudorabies and Brucella suis and feral swine movements
M. bovis and supplemental feeding of deer in Michagin B. abortus in Yellowstone |
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changes in species distribution
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seals- Phocine morbilliviruses
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