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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A description of a young, healthy group of men in California and New York who developed rare Kaposi Sarcoma in the 1980s is considered what kind of study?
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Case Series (a Case Report would be describing only a single patient or case).
Observational, descriptive, and intended to educate and stimulate further scientific inquiry. |
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What study, if done well, can be used to estimate the prevalence of disease processes?
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Cross Sectional Study
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What are the weaknesses of Cross sectional studies?
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- not good for rare conditions
- Recall bias (person who has the disease is more likely to remember things that caused it than someone who doesn't) - Selection bias (choosing individuals who will help support study) |
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A study looking at people who were exposed to HPV and the percentage who used a condom vs. the percentage who didn't is considered what kind of study?
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Cross Sectional
Surveying a group of individuals |
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A study examining whether tobacco use is associated with pneumonia uses a group of individuals with pneumonia and a group without and asks them about past tobacco use.
What kind of study is this? |
Case Control study
Retrospective, observational, analytic |
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Two groups of people are enrolled in a study. The non vaccinated group and the vaccinated group are followed to see if they develop an allergic reaction to the Varicella vaccine.
What type of study is this? Is it prospective or retrospective? |
Cohort Design
Prospective (looking at something that will happen in future) |
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Two groups of people are enrolled in a study, a group exposed to asbestos 50 years ago and one that was not exposed. Their charts are reviewed to see whether or not either group developed Mesothelioma 20 years ago.
What type of study is this? Is it prospective or retrospective? |
Cohort Design
Retrospective (you are still following a group ahead in time but the difference is that this is chart review, looking at something in the past) |
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What are the weaknesses of Cohort studies?
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- Costly and time consuming (especially if disease progression is slow)
- Loss of patients to follow up aka. attrition (can lead to selection bias of one group over another) |
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What type of study is considered the "Gold Standard" for study design?
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Randomized Control Trials
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A study in which you start with an exposure and look for the disease is called _________.
A study in which you start with the disease and look for exposure is called ________. |
1st exposure, then disease= Cohort Study
1st disease, then exposure= Case control |
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What type of study has the highest amount of statistical power and potentially the highest level of evidence?
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Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
Pool data from many different sources |
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What is sampling bias? Give an example.
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When chosen participants are not representative of general population.
Ex: study on average height with a large sample of Celtics players |
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What is confounding bias? Give an example.
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When two closely related factors are seen in experiment. One factor can confuse the effect of the other.
Ex: Lung cancer can be associated with smoking but smokers use ashtrays. So people could say lung cancer is associated with ashtrays. (Ashtray is confounding factor) |
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Two different genetic screening tests are done for Huntington's disease. One identifies the disease locus earlier than the other. However nothing can be done to change disease progression or outcome.
What type of bias might this represent? |
Lead time bias
Occurs when earlier detection is confused with increased survival or better outcome (ex: PSA test and prostate cancer) |
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What type of bias occurs when a cancer screening test picks up a slow growing beast cancer but fails to pick up a quick and deadly melnaoma?
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Length time bias
Typically will diagnose less aggressive, slow growing conditions rather than quick, fulminating ones. |
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What is the difference between "precision" and "accuracy"?
Should ideal studies be precise or accurate? |
Precision= Reproducibility reliability of data
Accuracy= Validity of data (how close to the real value it is) Ideal studies: BOTH |
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Immunizing children or adding folate supplementation to all bread represents what level of prevention?
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Primary prevention
Preventing disease in entirety and preventing complications. Most cost effective |
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Colposcopies screening for pre-cervical cancer and biopsies screening for melanomas represents what level of prevention?
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Second
Early disease detection and prevention. |
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What is an example of Tertiary Prevention?
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Attempting to minimize complications of the disease once it's happened.
ex: If a patient has meningitis, treat with steroids and prednisone. |
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Which is more commonly encountered in medical literature?
Research for research or Research for the clinican? |
Research for researchers
*more papers are published for the advancement of research |
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What are MeSH headings and how are they helpful?
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They are a way you can tailor down the search in a large database like Pubmed, so you get more focused articles.
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What are the 7 basic parts of an article?
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Title
Abstract Intro/background Methods Results Discussion References |
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What parts of a journal article should you ALWAYS read?
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Abstract (helps you tell if you want to pursue full article)
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What is the least informative part of a paper?
What is the only part, if any, you should read from this part? |
Introduction/Background
Final one or two sentence where they sum up reason for study and hypothesis. |
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What is the most essential part of the study?
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Methods!
1. who/what 2. measurements and their validity/reliability 3. what parameters they use to interpret data (ex: smoking ever, current, pack-years, cotinine levels) |
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What is DOE? What is POEM?
Which is more important for the clinician reading a paper? |
DOE- Disease Oriented Evidence (addresses intermediate outcomes, not beneficial to patient)
POEM= Patient Oriented Evidence that Matters (death, symptom score, cure, etc.) ** more important to take into account in clinical setting! |
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T or F
When reading the Results section of a paper, always look at both the text and tables/figures. |
False!
Just read the tables/figures. They should be free standing and are more concise. |
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Which section of a research paper/ article should be taken with a grain of salt? why?
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Discussion
- usually author's opinions, editorial. You are allowed to draw your own conclusions from the data! |
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What is an Editorial?
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Opinion given often by a peer reviewer or another expert in the field who is providing another view of the study's greater context.
*may be driven by opinion... |
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When reading an ABSTRACT, what are the 3 major things you want to get out of it?
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1. what is the question or Primary outcome (DOE vs. POEM)
2. What is the study design & is it valid? 3. What are the results? |
