Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Define Epidemiology
|
the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control of health problems
|
|
|
Primary Prevention
|
action taken to prevent the development of a disease in question
|
|
|
Secondary Prevention
|
Involves idenifying people in whom the disease has already begun but who have not yet developed clinical signs and symptoms of the disease
|
|
|
Tertiary Prevention
|
Preventing complications in those who have already developed signs and symptoms of an illness and have been diagnosed - people who are in the clinical phase of their illness
|
|
|
Epidemiologic Reasoning - Step One
|
determine whether there is actually an assocaition present, some exposure and the development of some disease
|
|
|
Epidemiologic Reasoning - Step Two
|
determine whether the assocaition is causal
|
|
|
What is descriptive epidemiology?
|
Person (who), Place (where), Time (when)
|
|
|
What is Analytic epidemiology?
|
risk factors and causes (why) of the disease
|
|
|
Epidemiologic Triad - Agent
|
external microorganism
|
|
|
Epidemiologic Triad - Host
|
Person factors (race, socioeconomic, edu, lifestyle)
|
|
|
Epidemiologic Triad - Environment
|
extrinsic factors (climate,population density, sanitation)
|
|
|
Modes of Disease - Direct
|
direct contact, droplet spread
|
|
|
Modes of Disease - Indirect
|
Airborne, vehicle borne, vector borne
|
|
|
What are some examples of vehicle borne modes of disease?
|
objects, food, water, etc
|
|
|
What are some examples of vector borne modes of disease?
|
animal, life forms (arthropods)
|
|
|
Disease Trends - Epidemic
|
when the number of disease occurrance clearly rises above baseline level for a given period
|
|
|
Disease Trends - Pandemic
|
an epidemic that involves more than one country and many people
|
|
|
Disease Trends - Endemic
|
ongoing, mild to moderate elevation of a disease above baseline zero
|
|
|
Immunity - Active
|
acquired due to exposure to a specific organism
|
|
|
Immunity - Passive
|
results when a person receives antibodies from another person
|
|
|
What is herd immunity?
|
When a large portion of a population are immune to a specific infection, spread of disease amond those who are not immune is lower than expected
|
|
|
Why is herd immunity important?
|
makes immunizing 100% of the population unnecessary
|
|
|
Incubation Period
|
period of time from when an individual is exposed to a pathogen up until signs or symptoms develop
|
|
|
Latency Period
|
Similar time period as incubation for NONinfectious diseases
|
|
|
What is attack rate?
|
number of people exposed to a pathogen who became ill divided by the total number of exposed people
|
|
|
7 steps in acute outbreak investigations
|
1. define the outbreak and validate the existence of an outbreak
2. examine the distribution of case by time and place 3. look for combinations of relevant variables 4. test hypothesis 5. recommend control measures 6. prepare a written report of the invesigation and the findings 7. communicate findings to those involved in policy development and implementation and to the public |
|
|
Incidence rate
|
new cases in the nemerator and total number of population at risk in the denominator
|
|
|
Cumulative incidence
|
people at risk are observed throughout the time period
|
|
|
What is prevalence?
|
the number of persons with a health event of interest (some disease) present in a population at a specifc time divided by the total number of persons in the population at that time
|
|
|
Incidence measures ____, while prevalence measures _____.
|
risk; burden
|
|
|
Surveillance - active
|
staff make inquiries and visits to health facilities to gather all possible cases
|
|
|
Surveillance - passive
|
part of routine regular reporting
|
|
|
Mortality rate definition
|
the number of deaths (numerator) due to a cause for a defined period of time divided by the total population of the area (demoninator) being measured during a specified time period
|
|
|
Formula for CASE FATALITY rate
|
# of deaths from disease during specific time / # of diagnosed cases of disease
multiplied by 100 |
|
|
Formula for Proportionate mortality
|
# of deaths from disease during specific time / # of total deaths in time period
multipled by 100 |
|
|
Adjusted rates - direct
|
standard population is used to compare study population as though they had identical distributions for the given cofounder (age)
|
|
|
Adjusted rates - indirect
|
total # of expected deaths using standard rates is compared to the total number of observed deaths for the study population
|
|
|
Formula for Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR)
|
O/E
or observed events/expected events |
|
|
What is validity?
|
the ability of a test or measurement to correctly identify the variable or disease it is supposed to measure (accuracy)
|
|
|
What are the 3 tests related to validity?
|
Sensitivity
Specificity Positive and Negative Predictive Values |
|
|
What does validity mean in a screening test?
|
how well the test actually identifies the person as having the disease or not
|
|
|
What is reliability?
|
the degree to which the repeated results of a measurement will be the same (repeatability)
|
|
|
What are the 3 variations related to reliability?
|
Intrasubject variation
Intraobserver variation Interobserver variation |
|
|
What type of variation is intrasubject variation?
|
variation of biological characteristics WITHIN individual subjects
|
|
|
What is intraobserver variation?
|
variation occurring when the same person interprets the same results on separate occasions
|
|
|
What is interobserver variation?
|
variation between observers
|
|
|
Define 5-year survival rate
|
the percentage of patients who are alive 5 years after treatment begins or 5 years after diagnosis
|
|
|
What is a life table?
|
observes actual survival over time, uses predetermined intervals of time
|
|
|
Relative survival - median
|
length of time that half of the population survives
|
|
|
Relative survival rate formula
|
observed survival in people with disease/expected survival if disease were absent
multiplied by 100 |
|
|
What is an experimental study?
|
investigator controls whether a subject is exposed or not
|
|
|
What is an observational study?
|
investigator does not have control
most epidemiologic studies are this |
|
|
Name the types of studies and if they are descriptive or analytic
|
Clinical trial - analytic
Community trial - analytic Cohort study - analytic Case-control - analytic Case reports - descriptive Cross-sectional - descriptive Ecologic - analytic or descriptive |
|
|
What is a randomized trial?
|
experimental study in which a population is chosen then individuals within the population are randomly selected to receive treatment or not
|
|
|
What is a placebo?
|
something disguised as treatment in order to eliminate bias form subjects and observers
|
|
|
What is blinding
|
involves preventing the subject and the observer from knowing which group the subject is assigned
|
|
|
What is external validity?
|
findings can be applied to the larger population that is represented by the study population
|
|
|
What is internal validity?
|
study is properly done without major methods problems and takes into account all important issues
|
