Epi Exam 1 Review

Front 1

What is epidemiology?

Back 1

Study of the DISTRIBUTION AND DETERMINANTS of health-related states or events in human populations, and the application of this study to prevent and control health problems
-Frequency and pattern

Front 2

Distribution

Back 2

Study of frequency and pattern of health events in the population

Front 3

Determinants

Back 3

Search for causes and other factors of health-realted states or events

Front 4

Analytic Studies

Back 4

How and why

Front 5

What should be considered when evaluating a prevention or control program?

Back 5

1. efficacy
2. effectiveness

Front 6

Efficacy

Back 6

The ability of a program to produce a desired effect among those who participate in the program compared with those who do not

Front 7

Effectiveness

Back 7

The ability of a program to produce benefits among those who are offered the program

Front 8

Epidemic

Back 8

Health-related state or event in a defined population above the expected over a given period of time

Front 9

Endemic

Back 9

Persistent, usual, expected health-related state or event in a defined population over a given period of time
-Annually

Front 10

Pandemic

Back 10

Epidemic affecting a large number of people, many countries, continents, or regions
Ex: AIDS

Front 11

Outbreak

Back 11

Seperated epidemic from outbreak, epidemic more large scale
-"Cluster"

Front 12

The types of disease transmissions

Back 12

1. Direct
2. Fomite-borne
3. Vehicle-borne
4. Vector-borne

Front 13

Direct

Back 13

Person-to-person contact
Ex: STDs

Front 14

Fomite-borne

Back 14

By nonliving objects
Ex: Hepatitis A from utensils

Front 15

Vehicle-borne

Back 15

A nonliving intermediary such as a fomite, food, or water
Ex: HIV/AIDS through needle

Front 16

Vector-borne

Back 16

An invertebrate annimal
Ex: Malaria from ticks

Front 17

Epidemiology Triangle

Back 17

Four factors that must come together for an epidemic outbreak:
1. Agent
2. Host
3. Environment
4. Time
-Time is in the middle
-Other three around

Front 18

Agent

Back 18

Disease causing organism

Front 19

Host

Back 19

Will contract disease, can transmit it

Front 20

Environment

Back 20

Surroundings or conditions that allow disease to survive

Front 21

Time

Back 21

How long disease might be effective, life expectancy of the agent

Front 22

The Chain of Infection

Back 22

Agent > Reservoir > Mode of Transmission lportal of entryl > Host

Front 23

Reservoir

Back 23

Environment (Humans can be reservoir and host)

Front 24

Mode of transmission

Back 24

To a suspectible host either with direct or indirect transmission

Front 25

Fomites

Back 25

Objects such as clothing, towels, and utensils that may harbor a disease agent and are capable of transmitting it

Front 26

Vector

Back 26

An invertebrate animal capable of transmitting an infectious agent among vertebrates

Front 27

Active Primary Prevention

Back 27

Requires behavior change on part o fsubject
-Wearing protective devises
-Health promotion
-Lifestyle changes
-Community health ed
-Ensuring healthy conditions at home, school, and workplace

Front 28

Passive Primary Prevention

Back 28

Does not require behavior change
-Vitamin fortified foods
-Fluoridation of public water supplies

Front 29

Secondary Prevention

Back 29

-Occurs to reduce the progress of disease
-The disease already exists in the person
Ex: Cancer screening

Front 30

Tertiary Prevention

Back 30

-To reduce the limitation of disability from disease
-The disease has already occured
Ex: physical therapy for stroke victims, halfway hosues for recovery alcoholics, fitness programs for heart attack patients

Front 31

Identified various modes of transmission and father of epidemiology

Back 31

John Snow

Front 32

Prepared a report that set froth the importance of establishing state and local boards of health

Back 32

Lemuel shattuck

Front 33

Provided classifications of morbidity statistics to improve the value of morbidity information

Back 33

Edgar Sydenstricker

Front 34

Observed in the 17th century that certain jobs carried a high risk for disease

Back 34

Bernardino Ramazzini

Front 35

Eradicated beriberi from the Japanese navy

Back 35

T.K. Takaki

Front 36

Introduced the words "epidemic" and "endemic"

Back 36

Hippocrates

Front 37

Advanced useful treatments and remedies including exercise, fresh air, and a healthy diet, which other physicians rejected at the time

Back 37

Thomas Sydenham

Front 38

Through an experimental study, showed that lemons and oranges were protective against scurvy

Back 38

James Lind

Front 39

Identified as the first person in the US to be a healthy carrier of typhoid fever

Back 39

Mary Mallon

Front 40

Invented a vaccincation for smallpox

Back 40

Edward Jenner

Front 41

The father of modern epidemiology

Back 41

Wade Hampton Frost

Front 42

Used data as a tool for improving city and military hospitals

Back 42

Florence Nightingale

Front 43

Conducted the first cohort study investigating the association between smoking and lung cancer

Back 43

Doll and Hill

Front 44

Promoted the idea that some diseases, especially chronic diseases, can have a multifactorial etiology, also vital statistic system

Back 44

William Farr

Front 45

Observed that milkmaids did not get smallpox, but did get cowpox

Back 45

Benjamin Jesty

Front 46

Developed a vaccine for anthrax

Back 46

Louis Pasteur

Front 47

Pioneered the use of cohort and case-control studies, genes can influence cancer risk

Back 47

Janet Lane-Claypon

Front 48

A pioneer in the field of toxicology, occupational disease investigation

Back 48

Alice Hamilton

Front 49

Credited as producing the first life table, Bills of Mortality

Back 49

John Graunt

Front 50

Used photograhy to take the first pictures of microbes in order to show the world that microrganisms in fact existed and that they caused many diseases

Back 50

Robert Koch

Front 51

Identified a healthy carrier oh typhus

Back 51

Geroge Soper

Front 52

Discovered that the incidence of puerperal fever could be drastically cut by the use of hand washing standards in obstertrical clinics

Back 52

Ignaz Semmelweis

Front 53

Virulence

Back 53

The disease-evoking power of a pathogen (intensity of a disease)

Front 54

What are two general classifications of disease?

Back 54

1. Acute
2. Chronic

Front 55

Acute

Back 55

Disorder with sudden onset, relatively severe, and short duration of symptoms

Front 56

Chronic

Back 56

less severe but of long and continuous duration, lasting over long time periods, if not a lifetime

Front 57

What are the major stages in the disease process?

Back 57

1. Stage of susceptibility - Precedes taht of a disease process (primary)
2. Stage of pre-symptomatic disease - Disease process started but not signs (secondary)
a. Incubation period - Acute diseases
b. Latency period - Chronic diseases
3. Stage of clinical disease - Signs and symptoms start (tertiary)
4. Stage of recovery, disability, or death (tertiary)

Front 58

Active Immunity

Back 58

Where the body produces its own antibodies. Thsi can occur through a vaccine or in response to having a specific disease pathogen invade the body

Front 59

Passive Immunity

Back 59

Acquired thorugh transplacental transfer of a mother's immunity to diseases to the unborn child

Front 60

What is herd immunity?

Back 60

-The resistance a population has to the invasion and spread of an infectious disease
-Based on the notion that if a population is mistly protected from a disease by immunizations, then the chance of a majority epidemic occuring is highly limited