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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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activities in motor pathways
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-monitored and adjusted by basal ganglia and cerebellum
-unconcious control |
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descending pathways
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-efferent or motor
-upper motor neuron (in CNS) -lower motor neuron (from brainstem/spinal cord) |
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descending somatic pathways
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-corticospinal
-corticobulbar -vestibulospinal -reticulospinal -tectospinal -rubrospinal |
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corticospinal pathway
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-cell bodies originate in primary motor cortex
-decussation at pyramids (medulla oblongata) or 10% at spinal cord level -90% to opposite side |
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cerebral cortex
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-synapse occurs in grey matter
-white matter is highway |
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central culcus
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-seperates the precentral and postcentral gyri
-division between primary motor/sensory cortexes |
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cerebellum
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-little brain
-hemispheres inferior and posterior to cerebral hemispheres -coordinates complex somatic motor patterns -adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in brain and spinal cord -connects to brainstem via cerebellar peduncles |
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wilder penfield
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-neurosurgeon
-stimulated brain to find seizure triggers -found motor arrangment and sensory info |
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contralateral cortex
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-specific areas directly connected to sensory receptors
-similar connectivity and pattern exists for motor cortex |
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topographical cortex mapping
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-distortions in size represent innervation density (sensory) or number of output cells (motor)
-can change due to injury or training |
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phantom pain
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-region of sensory cortex responsible for amputated body part still present for some time
-slow remapping of body map |
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cerebral hemispheres
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-left and right
-frontal, occipital, parietal, temporal, insula lobes |
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basal ganglia
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-caudate nucleus, putamen, globus paillidus, substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus
-role somewhat elusive -regulates level of activity in motor cortex -injury or disease in BG have huge effects on movement control -also has limbic/cognitize functions (emotions) |
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diencephalon
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-thalamus
-hypothalamus |
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brain stem
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-midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
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precentral gyrus
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-motor cortex
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postcentral gyrus
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-sensory cortex
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cerebrum/telecephalon
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-high order processing
-perception and integration of sensory input and concious control of movement for contralateral side of body |
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frontal lobe
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-primary motor cortex, concious control of skeletal muscles
-premotor(planning movement) -prefrontal(reasoning, planning, judgement, emotions and personality) |
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parietal lobe
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-primary sensory cortex, touch, pressure, temp, pain, vibration, orientation, recognition
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temporal lobe
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-auditory, olfactory, speech/language, memory, emotions
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occipital lobe
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-visual cortex
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insula lobe
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-visceral sensations and control, taste
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phases of voluntary movement
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-identification and localization of a target (specific sensory areas relay info to post parietal lobe)
-plan of action (premotor areas of frontal lobe plans movement) -execution (primary motor cortex executes demands |
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poverty of movement
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-motor cortex understimulated
-basal ganglia disorder -parkinsons disease -decrease dopamine from substantia nigra |
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excessive movement
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-motor control over stimulated
-huntingtons disease -death to cells of putamen -unwanted and uncontrolled movements |
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cerebellum as a compactor
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-'fine tuner'
-cerebral cortex tells cerebellum to plan for movement -feedback from periphery tells cerebellum about the movement (spinocerrebellar tract) -compares the planned and executed movements, modifies movement by input to pathways from cerebral cortex, basal nuclei and motor centres in brainstem |
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damage to cerebellum
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-impaired coordination (tremors, impaired balance)
-does not result in impairment of sensation or muscles strength |
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thalamus
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-all info coming to cortex goes through thalamus
-seperated by 3rd ventricle -connected by interthalamic adhesion -filters sensory info going to sensory cortex |
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hypothalamus
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-link to pituitary gland
-primary link to endocrine system and autonomic functions -controls emotion, autonomic functions and hormone production |
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midbrain
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-processing of visual and auditory data
-generation of reflexive somatic motor responses -maintenance of conciousness |
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pons
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-bridge between brain stem and cerebellum
-highway for cerebellar info -complementary role to medulla oblongata in respiratory function |
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medulla oblongata
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-where much decussation occurs
-role in respiratory function, heart rate, blood pressure -relays sensory info to thalamus and other portions of brainstem -autonomic centers for regulation of visceral function (cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive system) |
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stroke
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-death to brain tissue due to lack of blood supply
-loss of function depends on location of stroke -if stroke is in right cortex then it affects function in left side of body |
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sympathetic NS
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-fight or flight
-thoracolumbar -pre ganglionic neurons in lateral grey horns of spinal segments T1-L2 -ganglia near spinal cord -preganglionic fibers release ACh (short except in adrenal gland) -postganglionic fibers release NE (long) |
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parasympathetic NS
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-rest, recover, and regenerate
-craniosacral -preganglionic neurons in brain stem and lateral portion of anterior grey horns S2-S4 -ganglia in or near target organs -preganglionic fibers release ACh (long) -postganglionic fibers release ACh (short) |
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vagus nerve
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-part of PNS
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ganglia
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-collection of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS
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pre ganglionic neurons
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-myelinated
-white rami |
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post ganglionic
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-unmyelinated
-grey rami |
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collateral ganglia
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-anterior
-unpaired -sympathetic -target visceral effectors in abdominopelvic cavity -also called prevertebral -celiac, superior and inferior mesenteric -digestive system, lowers organ activity except liver and adipose tissue |
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chain ganglia
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-paired
-run along spine -target visceral effectors in thoracic cavity, head, body wall, and limbs --sympathetic |
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suprarenal medullae
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-paired
-target organs and systems throughout body -release epinephrine and norepinephrine -NT released into general circulation (slower and longer duration) -affect any viscera with appropriate receptor |
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SCG pathway - exit via grey rami and spinal nerve
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-innervate general visceral skin effectors
-sweat, hair erect, constrict blood vessels to skeletal muscles and brain, dilate pupils, mobilize fat stores |
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SCG pathway - exit vis unnamed sympathetic nerve
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-influences visceral organs of thoracic cavity
-ups HR and strength of contraction, respiratory rate, dilate airways |
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splanchnic nerves
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-preganglionic
-converge in collateral ganglion |
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ciliary ganglion
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-parasympathetic
-target intrinsic eye muscles -N III |
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pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglia
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-parasympathetic
-target nasal glands, tear glands, and salivary glands -N VII |
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otic ganglion
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-target parotid gland
-parasympathetic -N IX |
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intramural ganglia
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-parasympathetic
-target visceral organs of neck, thoracic cavity, and most of abdominal cavity -N X |
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vagus nerve
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-75% of parasympathetic outflow
-originates at medulla oblongata -targets thoracic and abdominopelvic organs except kidney, bladder, and sex organs (sacral innervation) |
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functions of PNS
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-rest, recover, regenerate
-constrict pupils, activate glands, increase GI peristalsis, constrict respiratory pathways, stimulate and coordinate defecation, contraction of urinary bladder during urination, decrease HR and strength, sex arousal and stimulates sex glands -relax, food process, energy absorption |
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autonomic plexuses
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-cardiac plexus
-pulmonary plexus -celiac plexus and ganglion -inferior mesenteric plexus and ganglion -hypogastric plexus |
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endosteal layer of dura mater
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-lines cranium
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meningeal layer of dura mater
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-deep to endosteal layer (closer to brain)
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dural sinuses of dura mater
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-also called suprasagittal sinus
-space between two dural layers -veins drain into sinuses, blood then delivered to interjugular vein |
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subarachnoid space
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-arachnoid trabeculae
-delicate meshwork -contains CSF |
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arachnoid granulations
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-protrude into dural sinuses
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pia mater
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-pad
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adipose tissue
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-found in epidural space
-not present in cranium |
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lumbar puncture
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-can use composition of CSF as indication of function of CNS
-used for diagnostic purposes -spinal needle is inserted between 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae |
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fourth ventricle
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-adjacent to the cerebellum
-adjacent to pons -connects to central canal, median and lateraal aperatures |
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lateral ventricles
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-interventricular foramen connects to 3rd ventricle
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third ventricle
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-mesencephalic aqueduct connecrs to 4th ventricle
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cerebrospinal fluid
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-ventricles produce 500ml per day
-total volume at any one time is 150 ml -replaces every 8 hours -exits via lateral aperatures and median aperature -a small amount of central canal of SC to flow into subarachnoid space -moves from subarachnoid space to dural sinuses via arachnoid granulations -produced in choroid plexus by specialized ependymal cells |
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choroid plexus
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-contains specialized ependymal cells which produce CSF released into the ventricles and then flows into the subarachnoid space
-floor of lateral ventricles and interventricular foramen, as well as the roof of 3rd and 4th ventricles |
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blood brain barrier
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-capillaries very selectively allow substances into CNS
-capillaries have specialized simple squamous endothelial cells with tight junctions (lipid soluble materials can diffuse through) -chemicals secreted from astrocytes affect permeability (substances brought into CNS via active and passive transport) -specialized ependymal cells of choroid plexus create a selective barrier vis tight junctions |
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circulaion of CSF
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-capillaries
-choroid plexus -ventricles -subarachnoid space -granulations -sinus -venous blood |
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functions of CSF
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-protection (cushioning prevents contact of neural structures and bones)
-supporting the brain (brain suspended in CSF) -transporting nutrients, chemical messengers, and waste products |
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hydrocephalus
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-6% of dementia is due to it
-triad for adults (balance, urinary incontinence, 'water on brain', cognitive failure} -test with lumbar puncture -presents with swelling in infants because no bone fushion -happens when CSF cannot flow -midbrain aqueduct and 4th ventricle blockages are common -fix with drain -can also happen with arachnoid granulations -in adults, presuure in NS (bones don't move) |
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cardiovascular system and CSF
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-substances required to make CSF come from the capillaries and ultimately CSF returns to the venous portion of CVS
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