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161 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Collection of neuron cell bodies in the CNS (aka "Center")
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Nucleus
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Collection of neuron cell bodies in the PNS
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Ganglion
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Bundle of axons in the CNS is called a...
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Tract
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A large tract is called...
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a Column
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When we say "Center" it refers to
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Neuron cell bodies in the CNS
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Nervous system consisting of brain and spinal cord
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Central nervous system - CNS
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CNS controls all body activites by...
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Recieving sensory info from sensory neurons. Directing activity of motor neurons. Association neurons integrate sensory and motor acitivity.
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Responsible for recieving sensory info from sensory neurons and directing activity of motor neurons
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CNS
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Performs learning and memory...higher brain functions
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CNS
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Composed of Gray matter and white matter
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CNS
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Consists of neuron bodies and dendrites
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Gray matter of CNS
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Consists of axon tracts
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White matter (myelin) of CNS
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The adult brain weighs...
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1.5kg
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The adult brain contains _____ # of neurons
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100 billion
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The brain receives what percentage of blood flow to the body
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15% of blood flow
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Forms from groove in Ectoderm by 20th day
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Neural Tube
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Becomes CNS in embryonic development
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Neural tube
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Cells develop where tube fuses
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Neural crest
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Becomes ganglia of PNS in embryonic development
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Neural crest
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Neural tube
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forms from groove in Ectoderm
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Neural Crest
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cells develop where tube fuses
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What happens during the 4th week of embryonic development
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Three swellings form on Neural Tube to become the Forebrain, Midbrain, and Hindbrain
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What happens during the 5th week of embryonic development?
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Forebrain is dividing into Telecephalon and Diencephalon. Midbrain does not subdivide Mesencephalon. Hindbrain forms Metencephalon & Myelencephalon.
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When does the forebrain divide into Telencephalon and Diencephalon
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5th week of development
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When does the hindbrain form Metencephalon & Myelencephalon?
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5th week of development
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Forebrain divides into
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Telencephalon and Diencephalon
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Hindbrain forms...
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Metencephalon and Myelencephalon
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The Mid-brain is equated with...
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Mesencephalon
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The Telencephalon forms...
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The 2 Hemispheres of cerebrum
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The 2 Hemispheres of cerebrum are from...
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Telencephalon
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The neural Tube forms...
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Ventricles and Central Canal
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The ventricles and central canal contain
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CSF
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The largest part of the brain?
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Cerebrum
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Cerebrum is what percentage of the brain
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80% of the brain
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Part of the brain formed of 2 hemispheres
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Cerebrum
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Part of the brain responsible for higher mental functions
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Cerebrum
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The right hemisphere of the cerebrum controls...
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The left side of the body
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The right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum are interconnected by...
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The Corpus Callosum
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Each hemisphere of the Cerebrum has 5 lobes:
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Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, Insula
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The outer layer of the cerebrum is called...
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Cerebral Cortex
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The cerebral cortex is made up of...
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Gray Matter
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The Cerebral Cortex has many folds. An elevated fold is called a ...
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Gyrus
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The Cerebral Cortex has many folds. A depressed groove is called...
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Sulcus
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White matter
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Axons because of myelin
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Frontal Lobe is separated from Parietal by
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Central Sulcus
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Where is the main motor area?
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Frontal Lobe
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The Precentral Gyrus of the Frontal Lobe is involved in...
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motor control
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Postcentral Gyrus of Parietal love receives
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Sensory info
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Auditory Centers found
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in Temporal Lobe
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Temporal Lobe contains...
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Auditory Centers
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Auditory Centers recieve sensory info from...
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Cochlea (inner ear)
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Link and processes auditory and visual info
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Temporal Lobe
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Lobe responsible for Vision and coordinated eye movement
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Occipital Lobe
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Insula responsible for
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Memory Encoding
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Integrates sensory info with visceral responses and coordinates cardiovascular response to stress.
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Insula of the cerebral cortex
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Measures Electrical Activity of cerebral cortex
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Electroencephalogram - EEG
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Used to diagnose Epilepsy and Brain Death
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Electroencephalogram - EEG
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Used to visualize soft tissue
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Computed Tomography - CT
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Used to show brain function
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging - MRI
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Used to examine Brain Metabolism and Blood flow, drug distribution (positrons carry positive charges)
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Positron-Emission Tomography - PET
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Electroencephalogram (EEG) looks at 4 types of waves...
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Alpha, Beta, Theta and delta waves
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Brain waves recorded from Parietal and occipital lobes with person awake, relaxed, eyes closed.
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Alpha Waves
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Brain waves that are strongest from Frontal Lobes; evoked by Visual stimuli and mental activity
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Beta Waves
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Brain waves that come from temporal and occipital lobes. Occurs during sleep. In adults, indicates severe emotional stress.
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Theta Waves
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Brain Waves from cerebral cortex. Common during adult sleep and in awake infants. In awake adult indicates brain damage.
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Delta Waves
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2 Types of sleep
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REM and non-REM (has delta waves)
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EEGs are similar in this type of sleep to awake. This is where dreaming occurs.
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REM - Rapid Eye movement
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Resting Sleep
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Non-REM
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Basal Nuclei (should be called basal ganglia) function in...
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control of voluntary movement
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Distinct masses of cell bodies located deep inside cerebrum
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Basal Nuclei (should be called basal ganglia)
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The two hemispheres of the brain communicate through the...
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Corpus Callosum
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Each cerebral hemisphere controls movement on opposite side of body and recieves sensory info from opposite side of body. This is called..
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Cerebral Lateralization
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The left hemisphere possesses
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Language and Analytical abilities
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Right Hemisphere is best at
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Visuospatial Tasks...can recognize things but can't describe them
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Speech and language disorders due to brain damage
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Aphasias
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The 2 Areas involved with speech are
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Broca's area and Wernicke's area
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Area of the brain necessary for articulation of speech.
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Broca's area
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Area of the brain involved in language comprehension
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Wernicke's area
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Damage to Broca's area causes...
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Speech is slow. Patien can understand but can't repeat a sentence.
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Damage to Wenicke's area causes
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Patient can't understand spoken or written language. Patient produces a "word salad"
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Emotion and motivation originate largely in
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Hypothalamus and Limbic System
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Aggression, fear, feeding, sexual desire, goal-directed behaviors originate from...
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Hypothalamus and Limbic System
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Two types of memory
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Short and long term memory
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Loss of memory is called
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Amnesia
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Critical for acquiring new memories and consolidating short- into long-term memory
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Hippocampus
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When is the best time to study for retention?
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Right before going to bed
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Crucial for fear memories
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Amygdala
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The Amygdala is part of ....
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Limbic System
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Storage of memory is in...
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Cerebral Hemispheres
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Higher order processing and planning occur in...
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Prefrontal Cortex
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What causes learning to be impeded and causes Hippocampus to shrink
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Stress or depression - can be reversed with stress reduction and antidepressants.
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Contained in Hippocampus to continually produce new Neurons
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Neural stem cells
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Production of new neurons is called
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Neurogenesis
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Crucial for learning and memroy
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Neurogenesis in Hippocampus
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The Diencephalon is part of ...
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the Forebrain
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The Diencephalon is made up of 2 parts;
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Thalamus (and Epithalamus) and Hypothalamus
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Thalamus and Epithalamus are located...
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At base of cerebral hemispheres
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A relay center through which all sensory info (except olfactory) passes to cerebrum
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Thalamus
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Contains Choroid Plexus and Pineal Gland
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Epithalamus
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Secretes melatonin
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Pineal gland
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Secretes CSF
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Choroid Plexus (in the Epithalaums)
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Involved in sleep cycle and seasonal reproduction
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Pineal Gland (In the Epithalamus)
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The most important structure for homeostasis
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Hypothalamus
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Contains neural centers for hunger, thirst, body temperature
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Hypothalamus
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Regulates sleep, emotions, sexual arousal, anger, fear, pain, and pleasure.
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Hypothalamus
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Controls hormone release from anterior pituitary
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Hypothalamus
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We don't "love from the bottom of my heart"
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Should be "love from the bottom of my hypothalamus"
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Produces ADH & Oxytocin
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Hypothalamus
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ADH and Oxytocin are stored ...
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in the Posterior Pituitary Gland
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Coordinates sympathetic and Parasympathetic actions
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Hypothalamus
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The pituitary gland is divided into...
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Anterior lobe and posterior lobe.
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Adenohypophysis =
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Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
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Neurohypophysis =
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Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
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Posterior pituitary does what
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Stores and releases ADH (vasopressin) and Oxytocin...both made in hypothalamus and transported to pituitary.
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Anterior Pituitary secreting hormones are controled by
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The hypothalamus produces releasing and inhibiting hormones to control
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The body's daily rhythms are called?
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Circadian Rhythms
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Circadian Rhythms are regulated by...
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SCN - Suprochiasmatic Nucleus of the hypothalamus.
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Circadian Rhythms are
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the master clock, adjusted daily by light from eyes. regulated by melatonin secreted by pineal gland
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Pineal Gland secretion of melatonin is controled by
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Hypothalamus
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A relay center for motor and sensory pathways
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Midbrain
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Involved in the control of skeletal muscles and coordination of movements
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Midbrain
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Superior Colliculi is involved in
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visual reflexes
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Relays for Auditory info
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Inferior Colliculi
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Midbrain contains
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Superior colliculi and inferior colliculi
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Forms the Hindbrain
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Pons, Cerebellum, and Medulla Oblongata
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Contains several nuclei of cranial nerves
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Pons
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Two important respiratory control centers contained here
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Pons
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Apneustic and Pneumotaxic centers are found in..
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the Pons
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2nd Largest structure in brain
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Cerebellum
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Recieves input from proprioceptors (joint, tendon, and muscle receptors)
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Cerebellum
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Involved in coordination of movements and motor learning
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Cerebellum
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Contains all tracts that pass between brain and spinal cord...many nuclei of cranial nerves
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Medulla Oblongata
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Contain Respiratory center, cardaic center, and vasomotor center
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Medulla oblongata
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Complex network of nuclei and fibers spanning medulla, pons, midbrain, thalamus, and hypothalamus.
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Reticular formation
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Sets level of arousal of cerebral cortex to incoming sensory info
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Reticular formation
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Activation of the RAS (Reticular Activating System) does what?
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Promotes wakefulness
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Inhibition of the RAS (Reticular Activating System) does what?
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Promotes sleep
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Where does the spinal cord start?
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At the lower end of the Medulla Oblongata
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Where does the spinal cord end?
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At the level of the 1st lumbar vertebra
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White matter of spinal cord
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Contains Ascending tracts and descending tracts
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Ascending tracts
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Carry sensory info from body to brain via spinal cord
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Descending tracts
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Carry motor orders from brain to body
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2 Major groups of descending spinal tracts
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Pyramidal or Corticospinal and Extrapyramidal
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Tracts descend directly without synaptic interruption from cerebral cortex to spinal cord
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Pyramidal or Corticospinal
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Function in control of fine movements
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Pyramidal or Corticospinal
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Tracts descend with many synapses to influence movements indirectly
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Extrapyramidal
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PNS consists of...
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Nerves (cranial and spinal) and Ganglia
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Collection of neurons cell bodies in PNS
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Ganglia
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How many pairs of cranial nerves?
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12 Pairs connected to the brain
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How many pairs of cranial nerves arise from Neurons in Forebrain?
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2 Pairs
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How many pairs of cranial nerves arise from Midbrain and Hindbrain neurons
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10 pairs
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Most of cranial nerves are...
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mixed...containing both sensory and motor fibers
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Trigeminal Cranial Nerve
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V - Motor control of chewing; somatic sensations of face, nose, mouth
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Vagus Cranial Nerve
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X - Motor and visceral afferent of thoracic and abdominal viscera; motor control of larynx and pharynx.
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Spinal Nerves...
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All are mixed nerves
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Dorsal root of spinal cord
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composed of sensory fibers
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Ventral root of spinal cord
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composed of motor fibers
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Spinal Nerves are divided into...
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8 cervical
12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal |
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How many pairs of spinal nerves?
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31
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A simple sensory input, motor output cicuit involving only peripheral nerves and spinal cord (brain is not involved)
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Reflex Arc
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T/F - Some reflex arcs hava an associationg neuron between sensory and motor neurons
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True
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