Enzymes And Hormones In Digestion

Front 1

salivary amylase

Back 1

-secreted by salivary glands in the mouth during chewing
-hydrolyzes carbohydrates (like starch, glycogen) into disaccharides and trisacarides like maltose, galactose, lactose

Front 2

the stomache secretes 4 things
-what?
-fxn?
-from where?

Back 2

1)HCl (kills pathogens, denatures proteins, turns pepsinogen--> pepsin) via parietal cells
2) pepsinogen (via chiefs, is a protease once turned to pepsin)
3) mucus/bicarbonate (protects lining) via mucous cells
4) gastrin (actually in blood nearby) via G cells activates HCl secretion from parietal cells and mixing

Front 3

the pancreas secretes?

Back 3

1)pancreatic pepsidases ( trypsinogen, chymotrypsin, elastinogen, carboxypeptidase) (all need small intestine's enterokinase to be activated)
2)lipase: breaks TGAs into FAs
3)

Front 4

Small intestine secretes?

Back 4

1)enterokinase (cleaves trypsinogen into trypsin, cleaving the rest of the pancreatic pepsidases)
2) cholesistokinin (CCK)-stimulates release of pancreatic enzymes and bile
3) disacharidases (lactase, maltase, sucrase)

Front 5

polysacharides

Back 5

starch(a-link, amylose and amylopectin)-plant

cellulose(b-link)-plant

glycogen(a-link), (meat, fish)

chitin(b-link)-mushrooms, anthropods

Front 6

the stomache does what types of digestion

Back 6

physical during contractions and emulsification

chemical during HCl denaturing and pepsin is an endopepsidase

Front 7

4 cells of the stomach:
Gaspar, the chief of muck

Back 7

-G cells: gastrin to capillaries
-Parietal cells-HCl to lumen
-Cheif cells-pepsinogen
-mucous cells-bicarb to lining

Front 8

Types of digestion in the mouth

Back 8

physical-chewing into a bolus
chemical with salivary amylase

Front 9

Chyme

Back 9

-what the stomach secretes into the dji through the pyloric sphincter
-semifluid and acidic

Front 10

the sphincters of digestion

Back 10

-esophogeal (esophagus to stomach)
-pyloric (stomach to small intestine)
-internal and external anal sphincters

Front 11

what happens when you swallow?

Back 11

parasympathetic input:
-tongue pushes bolus from mouth to pharynx
-epiglottis flips down to cover the trachea (larynx moves up to meet epiglottis and form the seal)
-the food moves down the esophagus (behind) instead of the windpipe (trachea) by peristalsis

Front 12

epiglottis

Back 12

b/w the pharynx and larynx and before trachea/ esophagus branchpoint

-prevents food from going down the windpipe

- is NOT the hanging dude you can see

Front 13

Unlike cellular digestion, the alimentary canal does

Back 13

extracellular digestion... the lumen is outside the body

Front 14

salivary accessory organs/ glands

Back 14

pancreas
liver,
gallblader

Front 15

epithelium

Back 15

-seperates inside from outside

-lines all mucous membranes, including alimentary canal

-originates from all three layers! ex: with alimentary canal:
mouth/anal epithelium: ectoderm
digestive canal
digestive/pancreas/liver and urinary epithelium=endoderm

Front 16

path of food through the alimentary canal

Back 16

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, esophageal sphincter, stomach, pyloric sphincter, small intestine ( duodnum, jeunum, illium), large intestine (ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon) anus

Front 17

the stomache's main jobs

Back 17

-food storage (dispenses chyme slowly)
-digestion (physical crushing, chemical pepsin and HCl)

Front 18

Small intestine is made of:

Back 18

-Many Villi made of enterocytes with apical projections called microvilli (appear fuzzy, called the brushborder)
-a HUGE surface area

Front 19

Brush border

Back 19

-microvilli of the enterocytes

Front 20

Ways the body deals with the low pH of the stomach

Back 20

-mucous cells release mucous and bicarb to the stomach lining so it is not digested away

-the pancrease releases bicarb to the chyme before entering the small intestine to get pH up to 6

Front 21

Bile:
-from where?
-stored where?
-goes where?

Back 21

-produced in the liver
-stored in the gallbladder
-secreted via the pancreatic duct (bile duct)
- secreted into the small intestine

Front 22

what is inside the villi?

Back 22

-lacteal of the lymphatic vessel
-capillaries around the lacteal

Front 23

most digestion occurs in the

Back 23

duodenum

Front 24

what pH are the pancreatic enzymes most active at? ( pancreatic amylase, pepsidases, lipase

Back 24

8.5, unlike the pH of 2 for pepsin--> must have bicarb and basic bile to do digestion in the small intestine

Front 25

What does bile do?

Back 25

-secreted into the small intestine to emulsify fat.

-forms micelles (fat in/polar out)

-pancreatic lipase cannot work on fat in the duodenum unless there is lots of SA

-does physical digestion, while lipase does chemical digestion of fat

Front 26

what is bile made of?

Back 26

-bile salts and cholesterol, made in the liver
-salts= amphipathic like soap

Front 27

when does bile get released?

Back 27

when cholesistekinin (CCK) is released by the small intestine in response to entry of chyme

Front 28

What size do things have to be in order to be absorbed?

Back 28

Must be monomers:
fats must be fatty acids (not TGAs)
nucleotides, no DNA/RNA
amino acids, not polupeptides
monosacharides only

Front 29

What is the pH of bile?

Back 29

7.7-8.8, also helps with the acidity of chyme (along with pancreatic bicarb)

Front 30

the small intestine releases:

Back 30

-CCK
-Secretin
-maltase
-lactase
-sucrase
-peptidases(endo, including di)
-enterokinase

Front 31

enterokinase

Back 31

gets enterocytes moving with digestion:

starts the whole process by turning trypsinogen into trypsin:

Front 32

trypsin cleaves:

Back 32

at lysine and arginines, and also activates chymotrypsin, carboxytrypsin, elastotrypsin

gets things going after enterokinase

Front 33

trypsinogen and pepsinogen are examples of:

Back 33

proenzymes/zymogens
not active until cleaved: this is key because otherwise they would destroy everything around them.

Front 34

zymogen=

Back 34

proenzyme

Front 35

How does the pancreas know when to release pancreatic juice?

Back 35

Secretin from the small intestine tells it so

Front 36

dipeptidases and disaccharidases come from:

Back 36

the duodenum
d for digestion

Front 37

How is fat different with regards to liver regulation?

Back 37

-sugars and protein levels are regulated by liver filtration before entering the bloodstream, but fat mostly bypasses the liver

Front 38

hepatic portal circulation

Back 38

to the liver: this is where the capillaries head from the small intestine's villi (but lacteals are separate)

Front 39

FA absorption

Back 39

-do not need transporters because they are nonpolar
-must be FAs to cross memb
-are reformed into TGAs after crossing

Front 40

what besides FAs will be absorbed for fats?

Back 40

cholesterol and glycerol.... will all reform with FAs into TGAs and esterified cholesterol inside enterocytes

Front 41

what makes up a chylomicron?

Back 41

TGAs (FA+gyclerol) remade post absorption

esterified cholesterol

Front 42

Where do chylomicrons go from enterocytes?

Back 42

chylomicrons are insoluble and go into lacteals, not the capillaries ( not to hepatic portal circulation with the rest)

Front 43

what do lacteals empty into?

Back 43

lymphatic system

Front 44

How does the lymphatic system circulate?

Back 44

passively by skeletal contractions, pulse etc... only needs to make it into the venous circulation from the small intestine, so it can go slow

Front 45

What path does the lymphatic system take into the circulatory system?

Back 45

the thoracic duct into the heart with venous blood

Front 46

What happens to chylomicrons when they enter the blood stream via the thoractc duct?

Back 46

they are processed into LDLs only directly in the blood

Front 47

Where do LDLs made in the blood go?

Back 47

They go to the liver once in the bloodstream to be repackaged into LDLs, VLDLs, and HDLs (good)

Front 48

Why must chylomicrons be processed into LDLs in the blood?

Back 48

because they are insoluble without the lipoproteins to serve as shuttles

Front 49

which vitamins are fat soluble?

Back 49

KEAD

Front 50

what are the parts of the large intestine?

Back 50

cecum (appendix), colon(water resorb) , rectum (feces storage)

Front 51

What are the parts of the colon?
mneumonic acronym?

Back 51

ascending
descending
transverse
sigmoid

American drama and theatre society is poop

Front 52

jobs of the large intestine

Back 52

-water resorption
-salt resorption
(though both of these are mostly done in the kidneys)
-holding E.Coli (vit K)

Front 53

What kind of symbiotic relationship do humans have with E.Coli?
-commensalism
-multualistic
-parasitism

Back 53

multualistic: both benefit

Front 54

salivary amylase (ptyalin)

Back 54

from:salivary glands
to: mouth
fxn: hydrolyze starch to maltose

Front 55

pancreatic amylase

Back 55

from: pancreas
to: small intestine
fxn: hydrolyze starch to maltose

Front 56

maltase

Back 56

from: small intestine
to: small intestine
fxn: hydrolyze maltose into 2 glucose

Front 57

sucrase

Back 57

from: small intestine
to: small intestine
fxn: hydrolyze sucrose into fructose and glucose

Front 58

Lactase

Back 58

from: small intestine
to:small intestine
fxn: hydrolyze lactose into glucose+galactose

Front 59

carbohydrate breakdown enzymes and hormones

Back 59

amylase (ptyalin=salivary) and pancreatic

sucrase
maltase
lactase

Front 60

protein breakdown enzymes and hormones

Back 60

-pepsin(secreted as pepsinogen proenzyme/zymogen)
-trypsin (trypsinogen)
-chymotrypsin (chymotrypsinogen)
-Carboxypepsidase
-aminopepsidase
-dipepsidase
-enterokinase

Front 61

pepsin

Back 61

-pH 2
-released as pepsinogen
-need HCl (parietal cells) to become fxnl
-from chief cells

from: gastic glands (chief cells)
to:stomach

Front 62

trypsin

Back 62

from: pancreas
to: small intestine
-converts chymotrypsinogen and other trypsinogens to active form
pH 8.5

-cleaves specific peptide bonds

Front 63

chymotrypsin

Back 63

from: pancreas
to: small intestine
-cleaves specific peptide bonds
pH 8.5

Front 64

carboxypeptidase

Back 64

from:pancreas
to: small intestine
-hydrolyzes terminal peptide bond at the carboxy end
-not specific like chymo and tryp
-takes bites off the carboxy end

Front 65

aminopepsidase

Back 65

from:intestinal glands (sm. int)
to:small intestine
-hydrolyses the terminal peptide bond at amino end
-takes bites off the amino end

Front 66

dipepsidases

Back 66

from:sm.int
to:sm.int
fxn: hydrolyzes pairs of aas

Front 67

enterokinase

Back 67

converts trypsinogen to trypsin

Front 68

Lipid digestion

Back 68

CCK
BIle
Lipase

Front 69

Cholecystekinin

Back 69

from:sm.int
to:blood (hormone) for gallbladder and pancreas

stimulates the release of bile and pancreatic juice from m gallbladder and pancreas

Front 70

lipase

Back 70

From: pancreas
to: sm. int
TGA-->FA
-hydrolyzes lipids in general

Front 71

bile

Back 71

from: liver
to: sm. int
for: emulsifies fat

Front 72

what does the hormone gastrin do?

Back 72

-alerts body that food has entered the stomach
-starts muscle contractions
-stimulate parietal cells to release HCl

Gaspar the chief of muck:
gastrin first, parietal next, then chief then mucous

gastrin-->HCl--> pensinogen bcms pepsin-->mucous is needed

Front 73

where will ammonia be produced due to amino acid catabolism? lumen or cells?

Back 73

inside the cells.

Front 74

three types of peptide digesting enzymes released by the small intestine lining cells

Back 74

aminopepsidase, dipepsidase, enterokinase

(enterokinase is a pepsidase itself because it ccleaves trypsinogen too, which cleaves the rest) but CCK is the one needed to get these all to the small intestine first

Front 75

CCK stimulates

Back 75

bile and pancreatic enzyme release