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142 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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agriculture
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science of growing and raising plants and animals
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forestry
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culturing utilizing and improving forest trees and their products
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agronomy
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culturing utilizing and improving field crops
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horticulture
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culturing utilizing and improving fruits, vegetables, flowering and ornamental plants
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what are the three types of agriculture
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horticulture
agronomy forestry |
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what are the four types of horticulture
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olericulture
pomology ornamental horticulture turf |
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olericulture
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vegetables
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pomology
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fruits and nuts
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ornamental horticulture
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plants grown for aesthetic uses, to improve our quality of life and functional uses (energy conservation)
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floriculture
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flowering and foliage plants
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floristry
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floral design and retail
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nursery production
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tree shrubs and vines
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landscape horticulture
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exterior and interior design, construction and maintenance of landscapes
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turf
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grasses for laws sport facilities, landscapes and golf courses
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what are the different organs of a plant
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flower
leaf stem root |
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what are the different tissue systems of a plant?
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dermal
vascular ground or fundamental |
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function of the dermal tissue system
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protection from the environment and water loss
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tissues in the dermal tissue system
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epidermis
periderm (bark) |
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epidermis
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single layer of cells on primary (herbaceous) plant parts
outside part of plants |
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periderm
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bark
corky tissue that replaces epidermis on secondary (woody) plant parts |
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vascular tissue system function
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conducgtion of water, nutrients, sugars and hormones throughout the plant
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vascular tissue system tissues
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xylem
phloem |
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xylem
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conducts water and nutrients up roots, stems and leaves
goes UP |
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phloem
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conducts water, sugar, hormones, etc down and up roots, stems and leaves
moves from where produced to where needed |
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ground or fundamental tissue system function
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storage support filler tissue and site of photosynthesis
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ground or fundamental tissue system tissues
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cortex
pith mesophyll |
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cortex
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outer region of stems and roots
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pith
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center of stems
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mesophyll
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middle of leaves and flower petals
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parenchyma
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thin, non-lignified primary cell walls
filler storage protection photosynthesis ex: flesh of potato lettuce leaf |
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collenchyma
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unevenly thickened non-lignified primary cell walls
support in growing tissues ex: celery strings |
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sclerenchyma
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evenly thickened, lignified (tough) secondary cell walls; dead at maturity
support in mature tissue ex: fiber: bamboo stone cell:pear fruit sclereid: seed coat |
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polysaccharide
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a polymer or chain of sugars
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cellulose
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forms a matrix of microfibrils
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hemicellulose
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filler between cellulose microfibrils
chains of misc. sugars |
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pectin
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cementing agent or filler; high in middle lamella and fruit
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lignin
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tough polymer of phenolic compounds; high in secondary wall
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protein
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mainly structural
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plasmalemma/plasma membrane
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surrounds cytoplasm; composed of a bilayer of phospholipids and proteins; it is selectively permeable and regulates absorption into cells and leakage from cells
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plasmodesmata
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tubular plasma membrane extensions through cell walls; connect adjacent cells
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cytoplasm
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cytosol plus organelles; most metabolism occurs in the cytosol or the organelles
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cytosol
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fluid portion of the cytoplasm; a solution of dissolved/suspended compounds
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organelles
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specialized structures in cytoplasm; each with specific funtions
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nucleus
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location of DNA and some of the RNA
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chromosome
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strands or coils of dna
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nucleolus
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spherical, dense body; site of ribosome synthesis
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mitochondrion
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major site of respiration; called the power house of the cell
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plastid
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doule membrane-bound bodies for storage and photosynthesis
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leucoplast
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colorless plastids for storage
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amyloplast
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starch storage
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elaioplast
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fat and oil storgae
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chromoplast
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colored plastids for storage of carotenoids
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chloroplast
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green plastids that contain chlorophyll
the site of photosynthesis |
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endoplasmic reticulum
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tubular membranes for communication across the cytoplasm; site of protein and membrane synthesis
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ribosome
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dense spheres of RNA; protein synthesis occurs on their surface
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vacuole
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storage of organis acids salts anthocyanins, metabolic wastes, enzymes and metabolites
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tonoplast
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membrane that surrounds the vacuole
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Golgi body or dictyosome
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disk shaped membraes for membrane and polysaccharide synthesis
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microbody
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membrane-bound storage bodies with varius functions
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microtubule
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tuular rods used in mitosis and cellulose orientation in cell walls
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lignified
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woody
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dna
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a double helix chain of sugar-phosphates connected by nucleic acids
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rna
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a single stranded chain of sugar-phosphates containing nucleic acids
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nucleic acids
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organic acids that form the base pairs of dna and single bases of rna
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base pairings of nucleic acids between the double strands of dna
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A-T
G-C |
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base pairing of nucleic acids between dna strands and rna strands
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A-U
G-C |
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gene
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a length of dna that codes for the production of a protein or protein subunit
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protein
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a polymer or chain of amino acids
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enzyme
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a protein that acts as a metabolic catalys
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meristem
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discrete regions or groups of cells that possess continued cell division for the life of the plant or that organ
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primary growth
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growth in length that gives rise to primary (herbaceous) tissues called the priimary plant body
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apical meristem or apex
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the growing points located at the tips of stems and roots
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intercalary meristem
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the growth region at the base of grass leaves that causes leaves to elongate
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secondary growth
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growth in width or diameter that gives rise to secondary tissues called the secondary plant body
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lateral meristem
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meristematic regions alond the sides of stems and roots
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vascular cambium or cambium
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a sheet-like meristem between the bark and wood along the sides of woody stems and roots; it gives rise to secondary xylem (wood) on the inside and the secondary phloem on the outside
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cork cambium or phellogen
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gives rise to the periderm (barK)
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angiosperms
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flowering plants with seeds enclosed
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gymnosperms
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cones with naked seeds
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functions of stems (6)
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support
conduction food storage protection propagation photosynthesis |
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function of leaves (7)
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photosynthesis
regulate water loss storage support protection attration propagation |
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function of roots (4)
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anchorage
absorption storage propagation |
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bud
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an underdeveloped and unelongated stem composed of a short axis with compressed internodes. a meristermatic apex and primodial leaves and/or flowers
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terminal bud
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a bud at the tip of a stem responsible for terminal growth
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axillary bud or lateral bud
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buds along side the axis of a stem
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flower bud
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a bud contaiing a floral meristem which develops into flowers; usually larger than a vegetative bud
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leaf scar
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a scar marking the former point of attachment of a leaf or petiole to the stem
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internode
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the part of the stem between nodes
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node
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part of a stem marking the point of attachment of leaves. flowers, fruits, buds and other stems
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lenticel
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rough areas on stems composed of loosely packed cells exending from the cortex through the ruptured epidermis; serve as "breathing pores" for gas exchange. only occur on young epiderms
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growth rings
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bud scales scars from the last terminal bud; they denote flushes of growth. can be used to age stems because one growth ring is usually produced per year on temperate trees
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tip of leaf
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terminal point of the leaf
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blade or lamina
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the flattened, green, expanded portion of a leaf
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margin
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edge of leaf
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midrib
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the most prominent central vein in a leaf
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lateral veins
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secondary veins in a leaf
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petiole
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leaf stalk
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stipules
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leaf-like appendages at the base of some leaves
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leaflet
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secondary leaf of a compound leaf
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rachis
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an extension of the petiole bearing leaflets
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petiolule
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leaflet stalk
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simple leaf
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blade of the leaf occurs as one unit
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pinnate venation
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feather like, net venation with lateral veins extending from a central midrib
dicots |
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palmate venation
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finger-like, net venation with several major veins diverging from the union of the petiole and the leaf blade
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parallel venation
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principal veins parallel to the axis of the leaf
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compound leaf
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blade of the leaf is divided into individual leaflets
pinnately compound vs palmately compound |
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stoma
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an open aperture in the epidermis surrounded by two guard cells
open when guard cells are turgid closed when they are flacciD |
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daily cycle of c-3 and c-4 plants
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open during day closed during night
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daily cycle of CAM plants
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open during night closed during day
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gas exchange for photosynthesis
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co2 in and o2 out
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gas exchange for respiration
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co2 out and o2 in
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gas exchange for transpiration
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h20 out
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palisade parenchyma
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contains 70-80% of the chloroplasts in the leaf
specialized for photosynthesis-because it contains a large number of chloroplasts and it occurs towards the top side of leaf |
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spongy mesophyll
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contains large air spaces
specialized for gas exchange because of the large air space and more stomata occur in the epidermis of lower leaf surgace |
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sun grown leaf vs shade grown leaf
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sun: thicker due to thicker palisade parenchyma layer
shade: thinner due to thinner palisade parenchyma layer, therefore higher proportion of spongy mesophyll large size softer and more pliable |
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flower
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reproductive orga nof higher plants which contains at least one female reproductive part, the pistill and or 1 male reproductive part the stamen
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complete flower
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contains all floral parts
-sepal, petal, stamen and pistil |
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incomplete flower
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lacks one or more of the floral parts
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perfect flower
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contains both pistil and stamen but may not have sepal or petal
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imperfect flower
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lacks either pistil or stamen, may or may not contain sepal and petal
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pistillate
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(female) contains only pistil
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staminate
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(male) contains only stamen
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sterile
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both stamen and pistil are absent or are non-functional
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monoecious
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both staminate and pistillate flowers occur on the same plans
-corn cucumber |
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dioecious
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staminate and pistillate flowers occur on seperate plants
-holly, persimmon, ginkgo |
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fruit
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a ripened or matured ovary and its contents plus any accessory tissues
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pericarp
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the fruit wall, which developed from the ovary wall
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3 layers of pericarp
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exocarp
mesocarp endocarp |
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exocarp
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outer layer of pericarp
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mesocarp
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middle layer of pericarp
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endocarp
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inner layer of the pericarp
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seed
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a ripened or mature ovule consisting of an embryo with associated stored food and covered by a testa
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testa
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protective outer most layer of seeds; commonly called seed coat
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parts of pistil
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stigma
style ovary ovule |
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parts of stamen
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anther
fliament |
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parts of the embryo of a seed
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plumule
epicotyl cotyledon hypocotyl radicle |
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photosynthesis
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process in which carbon diozide and water are used to produce carbohydrates and evolve oxygen in the presense of light and chlorophyll; the net result is that light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of fixed carbon compounds
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chlorophyll
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the green plant pihment in chloroplasts that absorbs the light needed for photosynthesis
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thylakoids
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flattened, sack-like membranes inside a chloroplast; contian the chlorophyll
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granum
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stacks of thylakoids
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stroma lamellae
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tubular membranes that connect the granain the chloroplast
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stroma
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the fluid matrix of the chloroplast
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